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REVIEW 4 major objections 5 minor 38 references

Secure Relay Low-Altitude Networks via Hybrid Fixed-Position and Rotatable Antenna Arrays

T0 review · 4 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-04 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This paper proposes that equipping base stations and relays with rotatable antenna arrays, alongside a reconfigurable intelligent surface as an alternate path, roughly doubles the worst-case secrecy rate in low-altitude multi-user relay net

desk verdict A plausible hybrid RA/FPAA relay architecture whose qualitative gains are credible, but the headline numbers rest on a mislabeled 'isotropic' baseline and a dBm-to-linear arithmetic error. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.26531 v2 pith:WOF22XIK submitted 2026-07-29 eess.SP

Maolin Li , Qi Zhang , Riqing Chen , Wei Gao , Feng Shu , Liang Yang , Cunhua Pan This is my paper
classification eess.SP
keywords low-altitudenetworksphysicallayersecuritysecrecyraterotatableantennaarrayfixed-positionreconfigurableintelligentsurfacedecode-and-forwardrelayreinforcementlearning
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper proposes a decode-and-forward relay network in which both the base station and the relay carry hybrid arrays: fixed-position antennas for ground users and mechanically rotatable directional antennas for aerial users, with a reconfigurable intelligent surface adding an alternative low-cost path for ground users. The goal is to maximize the worst-case secrecy rate under transmit-power, quality-of-service, rotation-range, and path-selection constraints. For a single user the authors give a step-by-step leakage-based optimization; for multiple users they combine convex optimization of beamformers with a distributional soft actor-critic reinforcement-learning agent that handles both discrete path choices and continuous antenna orientations. Simulations show roughly a twofold secrecy-rate gain over the paper's isotropic-antenna baseline, with about 71.4% transmit-power saving and 55% antenna saving, and the ability to serve more aerial users before the rate collapses. A sympathetic reader would take the contribution as evidence that adding rotation degrees of freedom and an RIS bypass path materially improves security in low-altitude relay networks.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the rotatable-antenna gain pattern of Eq. (7), a directional pattern B0[(p_vec)^T d_vec]_+^{2p} with B0=2(2p+1), where p_vec is the antenna pointing vector and d_vec the direction to the target; p=0 reduces it to a constant hemisphere gain (which the paper also labels 'isotropic'). The optimization's core is a sequence of generalized Rayleigh quotient (GRQ) problems whose principal eigenvectors give, in turn, the transmit beamformers, the null-space-projected relay beamformer that suppresses leakage to Eve, and the orientation-dependent gain adjustments (auxiliary variables omega_1, omega_2, omega_3). A second set of convex programs (P10–P12) fixes the antenna orie

What would settle it

Compute the same single-user and multi-user secrecy-rate curves using a genuine isotropic antenna with gain 1 (or a normalized hemisphere pattern with integral 1) instead of the p=0 pattern from Eq. (7), keeping all other parameters and algorithms identical. If the secrecy rate of the proposed scheme does not remain approximately double that of the corrected baseline—or if the power saving drops below the claimed 71.4% and antenna saving below 55%—the headline quantitative claims fail, even though the algorithmic framework may still be sound.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that equipping an existing decode-and-forward relay architecture with a hybrid of fixed-position and rotatable antenna arrays—at both the base station and the relay—and letting a low-cost intelligent surface carry a subset of ground users, substantially raises the worst-case secrecy rate that an eavesdropper cannot decode. The paper derives the secrecy rate as the minimum of the aerial-user rates minus the eavesdropper's maximum SINR, and formulates a non-convex joint optimization over beamforming, power allocation, antenna orientation pointing vectors, RIS phase shifts, and binary path selection. In the single-user case it shows a leakage-based sequential eigenvector pr

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing modeling premise is the RA gain pattern of Eq. (7) with B0=2(2p+1), which at p=0 gives a constant gain of 2 over the upper hemisphere; the paper labels this p=0 case as both the fixed-position array and the 'isotropic antenna' baseline, so the claimed twofold gain and the power/antenna savings are measured against a pattern that is not a true isotropic radiator. If the baseline gain were 1, the reported margins would need to be recomputed.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the scheme works as simulated, existing relay and base-station hardware could be retrofitted with rotatable arrays and a smart surface to improve secrecy without adding more antennas or transmit power.
  • In multi-user settings, the RIS alternative path becomes valuable specifically when rotatable-array orientations are suboptimal (e.g., random or when the maximum zenith angle is too small), acting as a safety channel.
  • The DSAC-T hybrid-action formulation offers a template for other mixed discrete-continuous resource-allocation problems in physical-layer security.
  • The reported 71.4% power saving and 55% antenna saving imply the same security level could be reached with a smaller or lower-power relay, which matters for low-altitude platforms with tight payload and energy budgets.
  • The scheme's performance is bounded by the base-station-to-relay rate, so improvements to the first hop would directly translate into secrecy-rate gains.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Because the paper's 'isotropic' baseline is the p=0 pattern of Eq. (7), which gives a constant gain of 2 over the upper hemisphere rather than gain 1 in all directions, the headline twofold gain and the 71.4%/55% savings figures are tied to that specific baseline definition; recalculating against a true gain-1 isotropic radiator would change the relative margins and require recomputation of the sa
  • If the antenna-orientation search is replaced by a small codebook of discrete pointing directions, the DSAC-T action space becomes even simpler, and the scheme could adapt to mobile aerial users in near-real time.
  • The same hybrid architecture might be repurposed for covert or anti-jamming transmission: the rotatable pattern could steer interference toward the eavesdropper, while the RIS path carries a second stream, reshaping the eavesdropper's SINR landscape.
  • The near-field channel model with the RIS placed close to ground users suggests the quantitative results may not carry over unchanged to far-field or wider-coverage low-altitude deployments; a far-field variant would be a natural test of the architecture's generality.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper studies a decode-and-forward relay network in which both the base station and relay are equipped with hybrid fixed-position antenna arrays (FPAAs) and rotatable antenna arrays (RAAs), with an active RIS providing an alternative path for ground users. The objective is to maximize the worst-case secrecy rate (SR) for aerial users under transmit-power, QoS, rotatable-range, and path-selection constraints. For the single-user case, the authors propose a step-by-step generalized-Rayleigh-quotient (GRQ) based algorithm that alternates beamforming, orientation, and power allocation. For the multi-user case, they propose a DSAC-T based reinforcement-learning algorithm over a hybrid discrete/continuous action space. Simulation results claim approximately a twofold SR improvement over isotropic antennas, 71.4% power saving, and 55% antenna saving. The paper contains a full system model, three optimization problem formulations, two algorithms, and simulation figures.

Significance. If the quantitative claims are correct, the paper would demonstrate that combining rotatable antennas with RIS-aided path selection can substantially improve physical-layer security in low-altitude relay networks, which is a timely and relevant topic. The single-user algorithm is a structured combination of well-known tools (GRQ, NSP, MMSE), and the multi-user formulation is one of the first to apply DSAC-T to a hybrid discrete/continuous action problem in this domain. However, the significance is conditional because the headline results hinge on the definition of the baseline labeled 'isotropic antennas' and on the correctness of the reported savings. The paper does not provide machine-checked proofs or code, and the learning-based part is under-specified, so the reproducibility of the simulations is limited.

major comments (4)
  1. [Sec. II-A, Eq. (7); Sec. V baseline definition] The 'isotropic antenna' baseline is not isotropic. Eq. (7) defines the RA gain pattern as B0 cos^{2p}(θ) over the upper hemisphere with B0 = 2(2p+1). Setting p=0 gives a constant gain of 2 over the hemisphere and zero elsewhere, i.e., a hemispherical antenna with directivity 2 (3 dBi), not an isotropic radiator with gain 1. The paper explicitly sets p=0 for the 'isotropic antennas' baseline in Sec. V and also for the FPAA pattern. Consequently, the abstract's 'twofold improvement' and the derived 71.4% power saving and 55% antenna saving are measured against a stronger-than-isotropic baseline. The error is conservative (a true isotropic baseline would likely increase the reported gains), but the claims as stated are not reproducible from the described simulations. Please either model a true isotropic pattern (gain 1 in all directions) or relabel the baseline and recompute all savings.
  2. [Sec. V, Fig. 6] The '71.4% power saving' is arithmetically inconsistent with the plotted curves. Fig. 6 shows Algorithm 2 reaching the relay-capacity ceiling at Ps = 10 dBm, while the isotropic baseline reaches it at 35 dBm. This 25 dB difference corresponds to a linear power reduction of approximately 99.7%, not 71.4%. The number 71.4% appears to have been computed as (35−10)/35, treating dBm as a linear power scale. Please correct this headline figure and the corresponding statement in Sec. V.
  3. [Sec. IV-B] The DSAC-T action space is incompletely specified. The action set includes the probability matrix Υ_i (Eq. (94)), but the mechanism that converts these probabilities into the binary path-selection variables ζ_k ∈ {0,1} used in the SINR expressions is never described. The text mentions sampling 'the probability of each ground Bob selecting the RS-forwarding path' but does not specify the distribution or thresholding procedure. In addition, the network hyperparameters (number of layers, learning rates, discount factor ω, temperature α, penalty factor δ, episode count, replay buffer size) are not reported. Without these details, the multi-user simulation results in Sec. V cannot be reproduced. Please provide the missing mapping and hyperparameter settings.
  4. [Sec. III, Eqs. (57)–(65)] The quantization/compensation procedure after solving the relaxed GRQ problems P7–P9 has no feasibility or optimality guarantee. The adjusted beamforming vectors w_k**, û_k**, and û_t,k** in Eqs. (63)–(65) are constructed by scaling individual entries, but the paper does not show that these adjusted vectors satisfy the unit-norm constraints (38g)–(38h) or that the mapping (66)–(68) yields realizable orientations within θ_max. The claim that 'the waveform is maintained' is not proven. Since the single-user algorithm depends on this step, the authors should either provide a feasibility proof or add an explicit verification step in Algorithm 1 showing that the output respects all constraints.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Sec. II-B] Equation (29) is introduced as 'the achievable rate of the k-th ground Bob' but it actually gives the rate of the aerial Bob. Please correct the wording.
  2. [Sec. III] At the end of Sec. III, the text refers to 'MA weight amplitudes' when discussing the RAs; 'MA' is not defined and is likely a typo for 'RA'. Please fix.
  3. [Sec. IV-A] The problem label P14 is used twice: first for the vt,k optimization in Eq. (86) and again for the ut,k optimization in Eq. (90). Please renumber to avoid confusion.
  4. [Sec. V] The paper uses α_max = 10 for the active RIS, but the power consumption of the active RIS is not included in the power-saving calculations. This should be acknowledged as a limitation, especially when claims about 'power saving' are made.
  5. [Sec. V, Fig. 2] The caption of Fig. 2 mentions '8%', '112.8%', and '40.6%' but the text does not clearly explain which curves these percentages compare. Please make the description consistent.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the SR optimization is self-contained, and the load-bearing RA model comes from external [33], not the authors; the p=0 'isotropic' baseline and 71.4% saving are correctness issues, not circular steps.

full rationale

The claimed derivation chain is not circular. The system model (Sec. II-A) builds channels from scalar power-gain formulas (10)-(22), the SR metric is defined in Sec. II-B, and the single-user (Sec. III) and multi-user (Sec. IV) algorithms optimize the stated problem P1 rather than fitting any target SR curve. The multi-user DSAC-T policy is trained to maximize the same SR metric on the same simulator, but that is the ordinary evaluation of an optimizer, not a parameter fitted to a held-out prediction and renamed a result. The RA pattern Eq. (7) and the 'similar to [33]' simulation settings are adopted from reference [33], whose authors are disjoint from the present author list; the active-RIS amplification assumption alpha_max=10 is likewise a modeling choice, not a fitted input. The self-citations that appear ([5],[6],[8],[9],[18],[21]) are introductory background and are not used to force the central problem formulation or the numerical claims. The paper's main numerical weaknesses lie outside circularity: the p=0 case of Eq. (7) has B0=2 over a hemisphere and is labeled 'isotropic,' so the baseline is not a true isotropic antenna, and the 71.4% power-saving figure appears to compare 10 dBm vs 35 dBm in dB terms; both are benchmark/arithmetic correctness issues, not reductions of the derivation to its inputs. Hence no circular step is exhibited and the circularity score is 1.

Assumptions & free parameters 5 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The claimed gains rest on a handful of simulation choices (p, alpha_max, theta_max, M) and on the RA gain model from [33]; no new physical entities are introduced. The active-RIS assumptions and the p=0='isotropic' baseline definition are the most consequential inputs; they are domain/modeling choices, not circular derivations.

free parameters (5)
  • directivity factor p = 2 (simulation)
    Chosen by hand; determines RA gain B0=2(2p+1) and beamwidth; the performance gains vs the p=0 baseline depend directly on this value.
  • active RIS max amplitude alpha_max = 10
    Set in Sec. V. Active RIS with per-element amplification up to 10 (20 dB) without any power budget; this far exceeds passive (alpha <= 1) and typical active RIS constraints and strengthens the RIS path, which is central to the interference-mitigation story.
  • max zenith angle theta_max = 2*pi/5
    Simulation choice; Fig. 4 shows SR depends strongly on theta_max, and gains vanish below theta_max ~ pi/5.
  • RL penalty factor delta = unspecified (multiple values in Fig. 3)
    Appears in reward (97); no values given in text.
  • antenna count M = 36 per array
    Simulation choice; the 55% antenna-savings claim is read off curves for this parameter.
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption RA gain pattern (7) with B0=2(2p+1); p=0 is treated as the FPAA/isotropic pattern
    Adopted from [33]; the p=0 pattern is a hemispherical gain-2 pattern, so labeling it 'isotropic' is internally inconsistent.
  • domain assumption Perfect CSI, including Eve's channel (used in NSP (42) and MMSE design)
    No channel estimation or imperfect-CSI analysis; secrecy nulling requires exact G_RE knowledge.
  • domain assumption RIS reflections cause negligible interference to aerial Bobs; Eve cannot intercept ground-Bob signals
    Stated in Sec. II before Eq. (1); these simplify SR to depend only on the aerial stream.
  • ad hoc to paper Active RIS amplitude alpha in (1, alpha_max] with no power budget (38f)
    alpha_max=10 (20 dB per element) is extreme for active RIS and is not accompanied by a power-consumption constraint.
  • ad hoc to paper GRQ relaxations P7-P12 plus gain-quantization compensation (57)-(65) preserve feasibility/performance of original P1
    The paper asserts the compensation 'maintains the waveform' without proof; constraints (69)-(71) are bounds, not exact mappings.
  • domain assumption Eve antenna count E > Ka (Sec. II)
    Assumed so Eve can demodulate up to Ka streams; E is never specified in the simulations.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Secure Relay Low-Altitude Networks via Hybrid Fixed-Position and Rotatable Antenna Arrays." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/WOF22XIK

@misc{pith2026260726531,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Secure Relay Low-Altitude Networks via Hybrid Fixed-Position and Rotatable Antenna Arrays},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/WOF22XIK}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.26531}
}
read the original abstract

In this paper, a relay network with hybrid fixed-position and rotatable antenna arrays is proposed. The deployment of rotatable arrays in conventional relay networks is considered to provide more secure communications for low-altitude economy applications. Specifically, both the base station and the relay station are equipped with fixed-position antenna arrays and rotatable arrays to serve ground users and aerial users, respectively. To address the challenge of multi-user interference, a low-cost reconfigurable intelligent surface is exploited as a candidate path. Accordingly, under constraints on transmit power, user quality of service, rotatable range, and path selection, the objective is to maximize the worst-case secrecy rate (SR) through joint beamforming, power allocation, and rotatable antenna orientation design. First, the SR performance in the single-user scenario is investigated, and a step-by-step leakage-based scheme is proposed. Then, the general multi-user scenario is studied, and a Distributional Soft Actor-Critic with Three refinements (DSAC-T)-based learning scheme, which supports hybrid discrete and continuous actions, is proposed to maximize the worst-case SR. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. The proposed schemes achieve approximately a twofold improvement in SR performance compared to isotropic antennas. The proposed system achieves approximately 71.4\% power saving, 55\% antenna saving, and can serve more users.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.26531 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Illustration of a relay wireless network enabled by h [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. SR versus the BS transmit power P0 in the single-user scenario. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Episode 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 SR (bps/Hz) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. SR versus the antenna directivity factor. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_5.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (2 more)
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: SR versus the RS transmit power Ps in the multi-user scenario. 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SR (bps/Hz) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Compared to the benchmark with isotropic antennas [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_7.png]

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 4, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.