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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology

As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 53 of 53 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:1908.01335.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
1908.01335 v1

Coverage vector

measured 53 of 53 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.622758Z

measured 53 of 53 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

53 of 53 outbound references displayed

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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d305fcb1-66e5-40d7-b0fe-8ecb644db77b · outbound

This paper cites Cosmic Modesty.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Cosmic Modesty

Reference 1

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Observation 4b2a89b2-f400-4667-b616-8d3e10e02aa5 · outbound

This paper cites Sagan, The cosmic connection, (Anchor Press, 1973).

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Sagan, The cosmic connection, (Anchor Press, 1973)

Reference 2

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

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Observation 30f670b8-2bc8-4cd9-bf10-28b42d08c133 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

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Observation 60aa0e7b-c728-4110-82d0-921710836c4c · outbound

This paper cites A joint analysis of the Drake equation and the Fermi paradox.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology A joint analysis of the Drake equation and the Fermi paradox

Reference 4

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local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:42.528850Z

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Observation 270c7880-bd93-410d-b9c3-99101bbb7de9 · outbound

This paper cites Is there anybody out there?.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Is there anybody out there?

Reference 5

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local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:42.512797Z

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Observation bb816c1e-d6be-4c66-b28f-3e307e088d50 · outbound

This paper cites Albedos, Equilibrium Temperatures, and Surface Temperatures of Habitable Planets.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Albedos, Equilibrium Temperatures, and Surface Temperatures of Habitable Planets

Reference 6

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Observation 158546ba-0f9a-4512-8b25-687ca33efbbb · outbound

This paper cites On the Habitability of Our Universe.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology On the Habitability of Our Universe

Reference 7

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local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:42.487661Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

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Observation e3dd01b4-d58a-48ca-a6bb-c2c4c3b2bb06 · outbound

This paper cites Seager, Exoplanet habitability, Science, 340, 577 (2013) doi: 10.1126/science.1232226.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Seager, Exoplanet habitability, Science, 340, 577 (2013) doi: 10.1126/science.1232226

Reference 8

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Observation bc33eb49-3768-44da-9242-a275ea9bcc09 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

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Observation e7b1e30a-02f0-440b-b0ca-50c7962160a4 · outbound

This paper cites Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler, II: Analysis of the first four months of data.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler, II: Analysis of the first four months of data

Reference 10

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Observation 533a9fd4-168a-42d1-a672-8049b59623a3 · outbound

This paper cites Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of the First 16 Months of Data.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of the First 16 Months of Data

Reference 11

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Observation 061b1844-209f-41d0-9527-93e5b31c3d77 · outbound

This paper cites The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars

Reference 12

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Observation 41812b75-52b1-4b7f-87da-1dc63c704047 · outbound

This paper cites A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around kepler m-dwarfs.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around kepler m-dwarfs

Reference 13

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Observation 56dee30f-83f5-447b-aaf6-3f307ed44c51 · outbound

This paper cites Subsurface Exolife.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Subsurface Exolife

Reference 14

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Observation e80bbf73-9a51-4b2d-a850-008929cca801 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

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Observation ad60575e-e32e-465a-a0de-729ebbb05e6e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

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Observation ae759a0e-9ae8-42de-996e-e6cd3908e0c5 · outbound

This paper cites Schulze-Makuch and L.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Schulze-Makuch and L

Reference 17

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Observation e77fd9a8-df33-4170-a07a-7a08f0405079 · outbound

This paper cites Bains, Many chemistries could be used to build living systems, Astrobiology 4, 137 (2004) doi:10.1089/153110704323175124.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Bains, Many chemistries could be used to build living systems, Astrobiology 4, 137 (2004) doi:10.1089/153110704323175124

Reference 18

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Observation aca7f93d-5101-4311-b93c-5daed5113cb6 · outbound

This paper cites West, Multiple bonds to silicon: 20 years later, Polyhe- dron 21, 467 (2002) doi: 10.1016/S0277-5387(01)01017-8.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology West, Multiple bonds to silicon: 20 years later, Polyhe- dron 21, 467 (2002) doi: 10.1016/S0277-5387(01)01017-8

Reference 19

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Observation 7a754f93-9db7-4991-b499-0b227530a759 · outbound

This paper cites Lickiss, The synthesis and structures of organosilanols Adv.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Lickiss, The synthesis and structures of organosilanols Adv

Reference 20

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Observation 56f87412-c79c-4e2f-b2d1-84414cc43977 · outbound

This paper cites Okazaki, T.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Okazaki, T

Reference 21

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Observation c175b8a8-21b3-4205-b602-a928aad102cf · outbound

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Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

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Observation 50a6b582-7a5a-4c59-8d10-309352a5d604 · outbound

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Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

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Observation fefa1f5d-2d6c-46ec-8b19-ca57f3942d4b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

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Observation 22e0510b-8331-4b51-bfeb-34abac96bcc1 · outbound

This paper cites Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function

Reference 25

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Observation dd26a4b7-e787-45c0-ad6a-5272cfda548d · outbound

This paper cites A comprehensive comparison of the Sun to other stars: searching for self-selection effects.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology A comprehensive comparison of the Sun to other stars: searching for self-selection effects

Reference 26

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

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Observation 1f70d0c9-5a83-495c-9b31-bf964c77b89d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

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Observation 1ccd5305-c20c-42e1-836b-9f5c14caebcf · outbound

This paper cites A Dying Universe: The Long Term Fate and Evolution of Astrophysical Objects.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology A Dying Universe: The Long Term Fate and Evolution of Astrophysical Objects

Reference 28

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Observation d2cd189c-515b-4f1c-af8e-446e1366d995 · outbound

This paper cites Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time

Reference 29

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local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:42.181710Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

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Observation 1b86889e-93f0-45a3-8040-a8d3f4cd3319 · outbound

This paper cites Fujii, D.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Fujii, D

Reference 30

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Observation 5fa1f7ef-551b-4a11-b4fa-815083f9cb4f · outbound

This paper cites Physical constraints for the evolution of life on exoplanets.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Physical constraints for the evolution of life on exoplanets

Reference 31

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local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:42.011472Z

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Observation db85434f-e362-4c1e-ab11-296c98378e52 · outbound

This paper cites Stellar parameters for TRAPPIST-1.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Stellar parameters for TRAPPIST-1

Reference 32

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local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.994314Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

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Observation b4e79528-acfa-4502-950d-7bee1cb38db6 · outbound

This paper cites Improved Estimates of the Milky Way's Stellar Mass and Star Formation Rate from Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Improved Estimates of the Milky Way's Stellar Mass and Star Formation Rate from Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis

Reference 33

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Observation 2f2e6079-9424-4bea-b1a0-7fde0ae9d5d7 · outbound

This paper cites Toward a Unification of Star Formation Rate Determinations in the Milky Way and Other Galaxies.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Toward a Unification of Star Formation Rate Determinations in the Milky Way and Other Galaxies

Reference 34

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Observation 2a45b6bc-ac22-44af-8290-d8b4ebebe811 · outbound

This paper cites The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems

Reference 35

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Observation ff1e7bae-4ebb-4122-93a6-283dad9995f7 · outbound

This paper cites Galactic-Field IMFs of Massive Stars.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Galactic-Field IMFs of Massive Stars

Reference 36

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.551055Z

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Observation 9b642b84-e477-40ae-acee-b76d870c7697 · outbound

This paper cites Star Formation in the Local Milky Way.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Star Formation in the Local Milky Way

Reference 37

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.932604Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

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Observation 6905f183-b771-458a-9817-34986a97840c · outbound

This paper cites Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies

Reference 38

Resolution
malformed identifier
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.560006Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.560006Z digest=sha256:de66b378c7de3043e92d12167b02628e288d7d0b7684d2faa443720fcab36ad0

Observation d4e610c3-e1c9-4e80-b2ee-852ac6b0226d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:42.553716Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.564786Z digest=sha256:4b5b3d934e8b735eecdfa9cc15da1448d2dff6bfab619fffc7abb162ad420854

Observation fd96599c-51a2-48da-ab56-02bae6fbe5e9 · outbound

This paper cites Terrestrial Implications of Cosmological Gamma-Ray Burst Models.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Terrestrial Implications of Cosmological Gamma-Ray Burst Models

Reference 40

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.905992Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

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Observation cd9a6f09-eae4-49d4-a741-d3b2d89c7980 · outbound

This paper cites Life Extinctions By Cosmic Ray Bursts.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Life Extinctions By Cosmic Ray Bursts

Reference 41

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.889636Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.572896Z digest=sha256:90b23d9f3ce570a2a21bc70084fc26a8723084ec4b16202d6224e5e21b8d89e9

Observation c077c3bf-835f-4ea0-aaf9-1ff5d7f94579 · outbound

This paper cites Terrestrial Ozone Depletion Due to a Milky Way Gamma-Ray Burst.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Terrestrial Ozone Depletion Due to a Milky Way Gamma-Ray Burst

Reference 42

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.874265Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.577237Z digest=sha256:6ea33978f7f555d2ef0ba4a71797d8fc4fc2bfeb2f07f4b5aa33a0916c46780d

Observation c12c1316-af8c-406d-9bb4-e51809fb86e7 · outbound

This paper cites Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Earth: Exploration of Atmospheric, Biological, Climatic and Biogeochemical Effects.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Earth: Exploration of Atmospheric, Biological, Climatic and Biogeochemical Effects

Reference 43

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.858070Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.581402Z digest=sha256:2bdf2f5bc21d25a91b78b0fe3c2c9e79a7a9a7b6ce550ead3d440cccb9e5fb54

Observation d59422ba-1fe7-4f5c-99a8-2751d6970f86 · outbound

This paper cites Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?

Reference 44

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.843705Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.585649Z digest=sha256:4edc27305f55a408e8407d6202b56f307fe6131d8fd27deb9c30613de5542473

Observation ad16f526-a64b-48b3-a4a2-a4502c8c4abd · outbound

This paper cites On the role of GRBs on life extinction in the Universe.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology On the role of GRBs on life extinction in the Universe

Reference 45

Resolution
malformed identifier
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.828273Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.589586Z digest=sha256:d70fed4bbd427bdca778bdb014f14b6ad0c2d8d7f0f7f3607396bc36c3b0b190

Observation bacbb029-718b-4dda-bd68-34a607a638e0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.594071Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.594071Z digest=sha256:48f8211c9b05e0b925c9e01a8f338d7855169f0716ea70355a28806618c79f0e

Observation a6f1c237-bea4-45ee-b19d-ad32206c6988 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Unresolved cited work

Reference 47

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.597671Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.597671Z digest=sha256:8279b14df661f70d8605ddf19c74020a1132dac9cef06dd8e048c252ab6e3405

Observation ddbc5bd5-b44a-4b9a-b41a-dda5af431865 · outbound

This paper cites Galactic Neutrino Communication.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Galactic Neutrino Communication

Reference 48

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.809800Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.601072Z digest=sha256:57172084bd64c51dc00a6ca3c6018f622e42972d4cebf16f7f2ca7b7215db5af

Observation b842f634-c0a5-413a-b3cf-13dbbe44cd49 · outbound

This paper cites A Unified Approach to the Classical Statistical Analysis of Small Signals.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology A Unified Approach to the Classical Statistical Analysis of Small Signals

Reference 49

Resolution
malformed identifier
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.605335Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.605335Z digest=sha256:328859f1ff84d334c222ab1baf38fb52d4eb9dc0b6a501f0b47025dee53a10bf

Observation 7034390f-0bae-477b-a7b2-9752d242d96d · outbound

This paper cites The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Target Selection of Nearby Stars and Galaxies.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Target Selection of Nearby Stars and Galaxies

Reference 50

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.782980Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.609111Z digest=sha256:6e40cfced301dc25e0ee8c0fe4efe48a0b746e538e4f71b1637a3c3b6d949d2b

Observation 2464e069-5c71-4368-8e55-2dd992400d59 · outbound

This paper cites The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Searching Boyajian's Star for Laser Line Emission.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Searching Boyajian's Star for Laser Line Emission

Reference 51

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.765373Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.613708Z digest=sha256:0beb8ec00e1cc7cf90975a50597f9a334f6d8ba1ff2ea98d52cbe276bfbedf62

Observation 27fd1ffb-e660-4bc8-808c-94c1bbf6f3a0 · outbound

This paper cites The Breakthrough Listen Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology The Breakthrough Listen Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Reference 52

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.618676Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.618676Z digest=sha256:33ffe965cbc704be6e770f3c29a5239107e0d1b592d494b97ae6154f514e769c

Observation 79f228d6-4004-434b-b9e2-1a05bed05e33 · outbound

This paper cites Searching the Moon for Extrasolar Material and the Building Blocks of Extraterrestrial Life.

Upper limit on the fraction of alien civilizations that develop communication technology Searching the Moon for Extrasolar Material and the Building Blocks of Extraterrestrial Life

Reference 53

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T15:22:41.622758Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-14T15:22:41.622758Z digest=sha256:22d73ab83b7924062fbc41abe5103c0dc53581915578c04a3af020e86659f130

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.