Introduction to Stability and Turbulent Transport in Magnetic Confinement Fusion Plasmas

J. F. Parisi

Introduction to Stability and Turbulent Transport in Magnetic Confinement Fusion Plasmas

T0 review · 0 major / 7 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Turbulence, not collisions, sets how fast heat escapes a tokamak

desk verdict A solid, self-aware tutorial with a robust central claim; the main heuristic estimate has a minor algebraic slip that doesn't change the conclusion. read the letter →

arxiv 2507.13144 v1 pith:X53VDOXF submitted 2025-07-17 physics.plasm-ph

J. F. Parisi This is my paper · ORCID

classification physics.plasm-ph

keywords magneticconfinementfusiontokamaktransportgyrokineticturbulenceenergytimegyroBohmscalingmicroinstabilitiescriticaltemperaturegradientneoclassical

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This tutorial makes the case that the energy confinement of magnetically confined fusion plasmas is governed by instability-driven turbulence, not by the collisions that classical and neoclassical transport describe. Its supporting demonstration is a chain of order-of-magnitude estimates: for a specific JET deuterium-tritium discharge, classical transport alone would confine energy for about 670 seconds and neoclassical transport for about 11 seconds, whereas a turbulent gyroBohm estimate gives about 0.4 seconds, bracketing the measured 0.90 seconds. The author also shows that turbulent heat flux is usefully characterized by three quantities—critical temperature gradient, diffusivity, and stiffness—and that these, rather than peak temperature alone, set the total fusion power. The intended takeaway is a quantitative reason to treat gyrokinetic stability and turbulence as central to predicting and improving fusion power plants.

What carries the argument

The machine that carries the argument is a two-dimensional random-walk estimate of the diffusion coefficient, $\chi_s \sim l^2 f$, applied separately to classical, neoclassical, and turbulent transport. For turbulence, the step size is the eddy scale $l_{\rm eddy}$ and the frequency is the eddy turnover time $\tau_{nl} = l_{\rm eddy}/v_{E\times B}$, with the fluctuating potential fixed by the ambient pressure gradient argument $(a/l_{\rm eddy}) e\,\delta\phi \sim T$. This yields the gyroBohm diffusivity $\chi_{\rm gB} = \rho_* \rho_i v_{ti}$, the named central object, which scales as $1/B^2$ and supplies the comparison with experiment. The early transport model—heat flux proportional to $(\nabla T_i - \nabla T_{i,\rm crit})^{\alpha_{\rm stiff}}$ with a critical gradient and a stiffness exponent—provides the vocabulary that links stability (critical gradients) and transport (diffusivity, stiffness) to fusion power.

What would settle it

A decisive check would be to measure turbulent potential fluctuations and eddy sizes directly in a tokamak and test whether $(a/l_{\rm eddy}) e\,\delta\phi$ is indeed of order the temperature $T$; if not, the gyroBohm estimate loses its foundation. A second check is to scan the toroidal field strength at fixed size and profiles: the gyroBohm argument predicts measured $\tau_E$ should rise roughly as $B^2$, while a collisional explanation would show a different scaling.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that in the hot core of a tokamak, energy leaks outward primarily through microturbulence: small perturbations driven by temperature and density gradients grow into eddies whose $E\times B$ motion carries heat across the confining magnetic field. The paper demonstrates this by estimating the energy confinement time $\tau_E$ from a random-walk model for three transport channels—classical, neoclassical, and turbulent—for JET discharge 42976, obtaining $\tau_E^{\rm classical} \simeq 670$ s, $\tau_E^{\rm neoclassical} \simeq 11$ s, and $\tau_E^{\rm turb} \simeq 0.4$ s against the measured value of $\tau_E = 0.90$ s. The turbulent estimate follows from the gyroBohm diffusivity, $\chi_{\rm gB} = \rho_* \rho_i v_{ti}$, which exceeds collisional transport because eddies carry particles across the magnetic field much faster than collisions. The author concludes that classical and neoclassical mechanisms are far too slow to explain the experiment, so energy confinement in JET is very likely determined by turbulent transport. The same framework then produces a power-plant sizing rule, $L > (C_{\rm Lawson}/(H B^2))^{1/2}$, showing that confinement quality and magnetic field strength can shrink the required device size.

Load-bearing premise

The argument's load-bearing premise is that turbulent eddies carry a potential fluctuation whose energy is set by the ambient pressure gradient, $(a/l_{\rm eddy}) e\,\delta\phi \sim T$; if that scaling fails, the predicted turbulent confinement time and the conclusion that turbulence dominates could fail with it.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If turbulent transport dominates, fusion power is set not by how hot the plasma can be heated but by the critical gradient, diffusivity, and stiffness of turbulence; raising the critical gradient or lowering stiffness directly raises core temperature and fusion power.
Because gyroBohm diffusivity scales with $\rho_* = \rho_i/a$, both stronger magnetic field and larger machine size reduce transport, and the paper derives the size bound $L > (C_{\rm Lawson}/(H B^2))^{1/2}$.
Electron heat transport is predicted to be surprisingly large because turbulent eddies are sized by the ion gyroradius, not the electron gyroradius, giving $\chi_e^{\rm turb}/\chi_e^{\rm neo} \gg 1$.
In stiff regimes ($\alpha_{\rm stiff} > 1$), steady-state temperature gradients sit only slightly above the linear critical gradient, so linear stability calculations can closely approximate the achievable profiles; high-fidelity nonlinear simulations are most needed when stiffness is weak.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Beyond the paper: the classical/neoclassical/turbulent confinement-time comparison is performed for a single discharge, so a natural test is to apply the same estimates across a database of tokamak and stellarator discharges spanning $B$, $a$, and heating power, and ask whether measured $\tau_E$ tracks the gyroBohm prediction throughout.
Beyond the paper: the stiffness/critical-gradient decomposition suggests a design heuristic the author does not state explicitly—when stiffness is high, engineering plasmas to maximize the linear critical gradient is a cheaper route to better confinement than investing in nonlinear saturation physics.
Beyond the paper: if turbulent transport dominates in a burning plasma, alpha-particle heating closes a feedback loop—steeper gradients from stronger heating drive stronger turbulence—and the paper's framework implies that the net gain depends on how zonal flows and flow shear regulate that turbulence, a quantification the author leaves open.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

This is a tutorial, not a research paper, and it is honest about that: it says no new data were created, and the Appendix explicitly follows existing derivations. What it does well is assemble a genuinely accessible path through a large body of standard material—gyrokinetics, neoclassical theory, the main instabilities, codes, confinement regimes—without dumbing it down. The Section 1 toy model is a nice pedagogical hook, and the Appendix gives a patient ITG derivation that students will find useful. I think the reader's assessment is fair: no new physics, but sound and useful.

The load-bearing assertion is the Section 5 comparison of classical, neoclassical, and turbulent confinement times for JET discharge 42976. It holds up. The stress-test note confirms what I found on reading: even if the ambient-pressure-gradient scaling (Eq. 46) is off by a factor of ten, the turbulent time moves from 0.4 s to 0.04–4 s, still far below the neoclassical 11 s and much farther below classical 670 s. The qualitative conclusion—turbulence dominates—is not fragile.

One genuine soft spot, which the stress-test note caught: Eq. (51) has an internal inconsistency. The text writes (B/B_p)^2, but substituting ρ_p = ρ_i (B/B_p) into Eqs. (38) and (48) gives (B_p/B)^2. The correct factor makes the quoted χ_turb/χ_neo ratio smaller by q^4, which for the JET parameters still leaves it around 10^2. So the conclusion survives, but the equation as printed is wrong and should be fixed. That is a minor correction, not a fatal flaw.

There are also scattered typos (for example, "moode" for mode, "fusions" for fuses) and the heuristic estimates are openly order-of-magnitude. The author is appropriately cautious throughout, even stating in Section 11 that several important topics were omitted due to time constraints. That self-awareness is a plus, not a minus.

Who should read this? New graduate students, researchers coming into fusion from other fields, and maybe engineers who need to understand what turbulence transport actually is. For that audience it is genuinely valuable. It is not a research contribution and should not be cited as one. But as a serious tutorial it deserves a proper referee and careful copyediting rather than a desk rejection.

Referee Report

0 major / 7 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a tutorial/review that introduces the physics of stability and turbulent transport in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. It begins with a simple transport model showing the sensitivity of fusion power to critical gradients, diffusivity, and stiffness; reviews Lawson and particle-confinement criteria; explains classical, neoclassical, and turbulent transport mechanisms; derives order-of-magnitude confinement-time estimates for JET discharge 42976; presents the gyrokinetic framework and the main microinstabilities (ITG, ETG, TEM, MTM, KBM, PVG, universal); surveys computational tools, tokamak confinement regimes, and burning plasma questions; and includes a detailed appendix deriving the slab and toroidal ITG dispersion relations.

Significance. The paper fills a useful pedagogical niche: it is a single, accessible point of entry to a broad literature, and it explicitly motivates the dominance of turbulent transport with a transparent back-of-the-envelope calculation for a specific JET discharge. Its strengths are the breadth of modern references, the clear physical pictures (e.g., the random-walk models in Figures 8–9), and the compact derivation of the ITG dispersion relation in the appendix. The central claim—that turbulent transport dominates energy confinement in JET—is robust to the order-of-magnitude uncertainties in the heuristic estimates, as the classical (670 s) and neoclassical (11 s) confinement times are far above the experimental 0.9 s. The manuscript is not a new research contribution, and it does not provide machine-checked proof of any new result, but its intended purpose as a tutorial is well served.

minor comments (7)

[Eq. (51)] The ratio in Eq. (51) contains (B/B_p)^2, but substituting ρ_p = ρ_i (B/B_p) into Eqs. (38) and (48) yields (B_p/B)^2. The numerical conclusion for JET is unchanged, but the equation should be corrected.
[Section 6.3] The sentence 'This speedup is obtained by reducing velocity space from 3D to 3D, which considerably speeds up computation' should read 'reducing velocity space from 3D to 2D' (or 'from 6D to 5D').
[Section 7.2] In the final paragraph, 'ITG produces very little ion heat transport' should be 'ETG produces very little ion heat transport.'
[Section 7.3] In the TEM mechanism description, 'δTi' should be 'δTe' in the two sentences about hot/cool plasma being sucked into regions.
[Section 1] The phrase 'interested interested' contains a duplicated word.
[Section 7.8] The phrase 'simulations of driven driven by' contains a duplicated word.
[Section 6.7] The text refers to 'Pe,heat' but the equation defines 'Pe,aux'; please align the notation.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: Section 5's heuristic transport comparison is self-contained and robust to its main heuristic uncertainty.

full rationale

This tutorial paper contains no fitted parameters and no target-derived inputs that are later renamed as predictions. The central scientific assertion—that turbulent transport determines energy confinement in JET—is built in Section 5 by combining a random-walk picture (Eq. 34), the classical estimate (Eqs. 35–37), the neoclassical estimate (Eqs. 38–41), and the turbulent estimate (Eqs. 42–56), all evaluated with externally reported JET parameters [214]. The heuristic core is the ambient pressure gradient argument in Eq. (46), which sets eδφ via (a/l_eddy)eδφ ∼ T. This is a stated physical scaling assumption, not a fit to the experimental τE, and it is not derived from the conclusion it supports. Even a factor-of-ten change in the resulting turbulent diffusivity would leave the ordering 0.04–4 s (turbulent) versus 11 s (neoclassical) and 670 s (classical), so the qualitative conclusion does not reduce to the heuristic coefficient. The typographical factor inconsistency in Eq. (51), where (B/B_p)^2 appears instead of (B_p/B)^2, is a correctness or notation issue rather than a circular step; substituting ρ_p = ρ_i(B/B_p) into Eqs. (38) and (48) changes the displayed ratio but does not make the claim depend on itself. Self-citations in the manuscript (e.g., [308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314]) appear in contextual or literature-survey roles and are not load-bearing for the tutorial's derivation chain; the JET comparison rests on external data, and the appendix derivation follows standard references and lecture material attributed to F.I. Parra rather than to the present author. The manuscript's own limitations—omitted topics in Section 11 and 'no new data' in Section 14—are honest scope statements, not circularity. No step identified in the paper reduces, by construction or by self-citation, to its own inputs.

Assumptions & free parameters 1 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The tutorial relies on standard plasma physics and cited literature. The only free parameters are illustrative toy model values. No new entities are postulated.

free parameters (1)

Toy model parameters (alpha_stiff, chi_hat, a/Lcrit) = e.g., 3.0, 1.0, 2.4 (multiple values in Section 1)
Chosen by hand to illustrate the transport model; not fitted to data and not load-bearing for the tutorial's scientific content.

assumptions (3)

standard math Maxwell's equations and the Fokker-Planck equation provide the basic framework.
Used throughout Section 6 to describe electromagnetic fields and particle distributions.
domain assumption Gyrokinetic ordering assumptions (rho_* << 1, delta f/f small) are valid in the plasma core.
Invoked in Section 6.3 to derive the gyrokinetic equation; breaks down in the edge, which the paper acknowledges.
domain assumption The ambient pressure gradient argument (Equation 46) sets the fluctuation potential scale.
Used in Section 5.3 to estimate the turbulent diffusivity; it is a heuristic scaling from the literature, not proven in this paper.

how reviews work

0 comments

Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Introduction to Stability and Turbulent Transport in Magnetic Confinement Fusion Plasmas." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/X53VDOXF

@misc{pith2026250713144,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Introduction to Stability and Turbulent Transport in Magnetic Confinement Fusion Plasmas},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/X53VDOXF}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2507.13144}
}

read the original abstract

This tutorial provides an accessible introduction to the principles of stability and turbulent transport in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas. Key concepts, models, and practical implications are discussed to guide researchers new to the field. Some challenges and opportunities are discussed.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2507.13144 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** (a), (c) ion temperature profiles for different [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Cross sections for Coulomb scattering and fusion reactions versus particle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (15 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Reactivity of some fusion reactions with Maxwellian energy distributions. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: (a) Lawson triple product and (b) energy confinement time, both for an ignited [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: (a): Three nested magnetic flux surfaces. Red lines on the outermost surface [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_6.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Some key features of a tokamak. where B is the magnetic field vector. The equilibrium magnetic field for tokamaks can be written as B = I∇ζ + ∇ζ × ∇ψ. (31) Here, I(ψ(R, Z)) = RBT is a flux function where BT is the toroidal component of the magnetic field, R is the majo…

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Heuristic random walk models for (a) classical and (b) neoclassical transport. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Heuristic models for a turbulent random walk (a) and a turbulent eddy (b). [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_9.png]

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: Bessel functions J0(k⊥v⊥/Ωs) and J1(k⊥v⊥/Ωs) that arise from gyroaveraging. The Bessel function is obtained by J0 k⊥v⊥ Ωs = Z 2π 0 exp(ik⊥ · ρs)dφ/2π. (83) The higher order Bessel function J1 also often appears in the gyrokinetic system of equations, occurring wi…

**Figure 11.** Figure 11: FLR effects at different perpendicular wavenumbers. Red and blue blobs [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_11.png]

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: For NSTX discharge 132543 at t = 0.614 seconds, (a) terms in the volumeintegrated electron energy transport equation versus normalized minor radius r/a, (b) ion and electron temperature. In (a), the time derivative term is green, the heat losses are in orange, and th…

**Figure 13.** Figure 13: Mechanism for the toroidal ITG instability. (a): At the low-field side, a wave [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_13.png]

**Figure 14.** Figure 14: Trapped and passing guiding-center orbits in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_14.png]

**Figure 15.** Figure 15: Mechanism for the TEM instability. See discussion above Equation (119) for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_15.png]

**Figure 16.** Figure 16: In the pedestal, the particle and density gradients are typically an order of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_16.png]

**Figure 17.** Figure 17: (a) Calculated ion temperature profiles and (b) corresponding cumulative [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_17.png]

**Figure 18.** Figure 18: Contour for Z(ζ) integral, with the pole at p = ζ. Z(ζ) = i √ πe−ζ 2 i (200) However, all remaining terms in the dispersion relation are real if ω is real. So, we just find the coefficients to Z(ζ), and set them equal to zero. So, we have τ ζiΓ0 + w∗eηi k∥vti ζ 2 …

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 78 canonical work pages

[1]

Abbate, R

J. Abbate, R. Conlin, and E. Kolemen. Data-driven profile prediction for diii-d. Nuclear Fusion, 61(4):046027, 2021

2021
[2]

Abdou, M

M. Abdou, M. Riva, A. Ying, C. Day, A. Loarte, L. R. Baylor, P. Humrickhouse, T. F. Fuerst, and S. Cho. Physics and technology considerations for the deuterium- tritium fuel cycle and conditions for tritium fuel self sufficiency.Nuclear Fusion, 61, 2021. 57

2021
[3]

M. A. Abdou, E. L. Vold, C. Y. Gung, M. Z. Youssef, and K. Shin. Deuterium- tritium fuel self-sufficiency in fusion reactors.Fusion Technology, 9, 1986

1986
[4]

I. G. Abel, G. G. Plunk, E. Wang, M. Barnes, S. C. Cowley, W. Dorland, and A. A. Schekochihin. Multiscale gyrokinetics for rotating tokamak plasmas: fluctuations, transport and energy flows.Reports on Progress in Physics, 76(11):116201, 2013

2013
[5]

Adkins, A

T. Adkins, A. A. Schekochihin, P. G. Ivanov, and C. M. Roach. Electromagnetic in- stabilities and plasma turbulence driven by electron-temperature gradient.Journal of Plasma Physics, 88, 2022

2022
[6]

Kinetic ballooningmodesintokamaksandstellarators

K.Aleynikova, A.Zocco, P.Xanthopoulos, P.Helander, andC.Nührenberg. Kinetic ballooningmodesintokamaksandstellarators. Journal of Plasma Physics, 84, 2018

2018
[7]

C. Angioni. Impurity transport in tokamak plasmas, theory, modelling and com- parison with experiments. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 63(7):073001, 2021

2021
[8]

Angioni, Y

C. Angioni, Y. Camenen, F. J. Casson, E. Fable, R. M. McDermott, A. G. Peeters, and J. E. Rice. Off-diagonal particle and toroidal momentum transport: A survey of experimental, theoretical and modelling aspects.Nuclear Fusion, 52(11), 2012

2012

Show all 300 references

[9]

Applegate, C

D. Applegate, C. Roach, J. Connor, S. Cowley, W. Dorland, R. Hastie, and N. Joiner. Micro-tearing modes in the mega ampere spherical tokamak.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 49(8):1113, 2007

2007
[10]

M. E. Austin, A. Marinoni, M. L. Walker, M. W. Brookman, J. S. Degrassie, A. W. Hyatt, G. R. McKee, C. C. Petty, T. L. Rhodes, S. P. Smith, C. Sung, K. E. Thome, and A. D. Turnbull. Achievement of Reactor-Relevant Performance in Negative Triangularity Shape in the DIII-D Tokam...

2019
[11]

D. R. Baker, C. M. Greenfield, K. H. Burrell, J. C. DeBoo, E. J. Doyle, R. J. Groebner, T. C. Luce, C. C. Petty, B. W. Stallard, D. M. Thomas, M. R. Wade, and D. Team. Thermal diffusivities in diii-d show evidence of critical gradients. Physics of Plasmas, 8(9):4128–4137, 09 2001

2001
[12]

R. Balescu. Irreversible processes in ionized gases.The Physics of Fluids, 3(1):52– 63, 1960

1960
[13]

R. Balescu. Transport processes in plasmas. neoclassical transport theory. vol. 2, Jan 1988

1988
[14]

Balestri, J

A. Balestri, J. Ball, S. Coda, D. J. Cruz-Zabala, M. Garcia-Munoz, and E. Viezzer. Physical insights from the aspect ratio dependence of turbulence in negative trian- gularity plasmas. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 66(7):075012, may 2024

2024
[15]

Ball and F

J. Ball and F. I. Parra. Intuition for the radial penetration of flux surface shaping in tokamaks.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 57(3):035006, 2015

2015
[16]

Barnes, I

M. Barnes, I. G. Abel, W. Dorland, Gö, T.rler, G. W. Hammett, and F. Jenko. Direct multiscale coupling of a transport code to gyrokinetic turbulence codes. Physics of Plasmas, 17, 2010. 58

2010
[17]

Barnes, F

M. Barnes, F. I. Parra, E. G. Highcock, A. A. Schekochihin, S. C. Cowley, and C. M. Roach. Turbulent transport in tokamak plasmas with rotational shear.Physical Review Letters, 106(17):175004, 2011

2011
[18]

Barnes, F

M. Barnes, F. I. Parra, and M. Landreman. stella: An operator-split, implicit– explicit δf-gyrokinetic code for general magnetic field configurations. Journal of Computational Physics, 391:365, 2019

2019
[19]

Barnes, F

M. Barnes, F. I. Parra, and A. A. Schekochihin. Critically balanced ion temperature gradient turbulence in fusion plasmas. Physical Review Letters, 107(11):115003, 2011

2011
[20]

M. A. Barnes.Trinity: A unified treatment of turbulence, transport, and heating in magnetized plasmas. University of Maryland, College Park, 2009

2009
[21]

L. R. Baylor, P. Parks, T. C. Jernigan, J. B. Caughman, S. K. Combs, C. R. Foust, W. A. Houlberg, S. Maruyama, and D. A. Rasmussen. Pellet fuelling and control of burning plasmas in iter.Nuclear fusion, 47(5):443, 2007

2007
[22]

M. A. Beer, S. C. Cowley, and G. W. Hammett. Field aligned coordinates for nonlinear simulations of tokamak turbulence.Physics of Plasmas, 2(7):2687, 1995

1995
[23]

Belli and J

E. Belli and J. Candy. Kinetic calculation of neoclassical transport including self- consistent electron and impurity dynamics.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 50(9):095010, 2008

2008
[24]

Belli, J

E. Belli, J. Candy, and I. Sfiligoi. Spectral transition of multiscale turbulence in the tokamak pedestal.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 65(2):024001, 2022

2022
[25]

E. A. Belli, G. W. Hammett, and W. Dorland. Effects of plasma shaping on non- linear gyrokinetic turbulence.Physics of Plasmas, 15(9):092303, 2008

2008
[26]

J. W. Berkery. Nstx-u research advancing the physics of spherical tokamaks (in review). Nuclear Fusion, 2024

2024
[27]

Betti, P

R. Betti, P. Chang, B. Spears, K. Anderson, J. Edwards, M. Fatenejad, J. Lindl, R. McCrory, R. Nora, and D. Shvarts. Thermonuclear ignition in inertial confine- ment fusion and comparison with magnetic confinement.Physics of Plasmas, 17(5), 2010

2010
[28]

Biglari, P

H. Biglari, P. H. Diamond, and M. N. Rosenbluth. Toroidal ion-pressure-gradient- driven drift instabilities and transport revisited. Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics, 1(1):109, 1989

1989
[29]

J. Boedo. Edge turbulence and sol transport in tokamaks. Journal of nuclear materials, 390:29–37, 2009

2009
[30]

A. H. Boozer. Theory of tokamak disruptions.Physics of plasmas, 19(5), 2012

2012
[31]

A. H. Boozer. Stellarators as a fast path to fusion.Nuclear Fusion, 61, 2021

2021
[32]

A. H. Boozer. The tritium burn-fraction in dt fusion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.01304, 2021. 59

2021 arXiv
[33]

Bourdelle, J

C. Bourdelle, J. Citrin, B. Baiocchi, A. Casati, P. Cottier, X. Garbet, and F. Im- beaux. Core turbulent transport in tokamak plasmas: Bridging theory and experi- ment with QuaLiKiz.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 58(1):014036, 2015

2015
[34]

Bourdelle, C

C. Bourdelle, C. Maggi, L Chô,né, P Beyer, J Citrin, N Fedorczak, X Garbet, A Loarte, F Millitello, M Romanelli, et al. L to h mode transition: on the role of zeff. Nuclear Fusion, 54(2):022001, 2014

2014
[35]

M. D. Boyer and J. Chadwick. Prediction of electron density and pressure profile shapes on nstx-u using neural networks.Nuclear Fusion, 61(4):046024, 2021

2021
[36]

Braginskii

S. Braginskii. Transport phenomena in a completely ionized two-temperature plasma. Sov. Phys. JETP, 6(33):358–369, 1958

1958
[37]

K. Brau, M. Bitter, R. J. Goldston, D. Manos, K. McGuire, and S. Suckewer. Plasma rotation in the pdx tokamak.Nuclear fusion, 23(12):1643, 1983

1983
[38]

A. J. Brizard and T. S. Hahm. Foundations of nonlinear gyrokinetic theory.Rev. Mod. Phys., 79:421–468, Apr 2007

2007
[39]

Brunner, B

D. Brunner, B. LaBombard, A. Kuang, and J. Terry. High-resolution heat flux width measurements at reactor-level magnetic fields and observation of a unified width scaling across confinement regimes in the alcator c-mod tokamak.Nuclear Fusion, 58(9):094002, 2018

2018
[40]

J. M. Burgers. A mathematical model illustrating the theory of turbulence.Ad- vances in applied mechanics, 1:171–199, 1948

1948
[41]

Burhenn, Y

R. Burhenn, Y. Feng, K. Ida, H. Maassberg, K. McCarthy, D. Kalinina, M. Kobayashi, S. Morita, Y. Nakamura, H. Nozato, et al. On impurity handling in high performance stellarator/heliotron plasmas. Nuclear fusion, 49(6):065005, 2009

2009
[42]

K. H. Burrell. Effects of ExB velocity shear and magnetic shear on turbulence and transport in magnetic confinement devices.Physics of Plasmas, 4(5), 1997

1997
[43]

K. H. Burrell, M. E. Austin, D. P. Brennan, J. C. DeBoo, E. J. Doyle, C. Fenzi, C. Fuchs, P. Gohil, C. M. Greenfield, R. J. Groebner, L. L. Lao, T. C. Luce, M. A. Makowski, G. R. McKee, R. A. Moyer, C. C. Petty, M. Porkolab, C. L. Rettig, T. L. Rhodes, J. C. Rost, B. W. Stalla...

2001
[44]

K. H. Burrell, K. Barada, X. Chen, A. M. Garofalo, R. J. Groebner, C. M. Mus- catello, T. H. Osborne, C. C. Petty, T. L. Rhodes, P. B. Snyder, W. M. Solomon, Z. Yan, and L. Zeng. Discovery of stationary operation of quiescent h-mode plasmas with net-zero neutral beam injection...

2016
[45]

K. H. Burrell, T. N. Carlstrom, E. J. Doyle, D. Finkenthal, P. Gohil, R. J. Groebner, D. L. Hillis, J. Kim, H. Matsumoto, R. A. Moyer, T. H. Osborne, C. L. Rettig, W. A. Peebles, T. L. Rhodes, H. StJohn, R. D. Stambaugh, M. R. Wade, and J. G. 60 Watkins. Physics of the L-mode ...

1992
[46]

Camenen, A

Y. Camenen, A. Pochelon, A. Bottino, S. Coda, F. Ryter, O. Sauter, R. Behn, T. P. Goodman, M. A. Henderson, A. Karpushov, L. Porte, and G. Zhuang. Electron heat transport in shaped tcv l-mode plasmas.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 47(11):1971, oct 2005

1971
[47]

Design of quasisymmetric fusion devices us- ing novel machine learning methods

João Câ,ndido and Rogério Jorge. Design of quasisymmetric fusion devices us- ing novel machine learning methods. Master’s thesis, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade De Lisboa, 2023

2023
[48]

Candy, E

J. Candy, E. Belli, and R. Bravenec. A high-accuracy eulerian gyrokinetic solver for collisional plasmas.Journal of Computational Physics, 324:73–93, 2016

2016
[49]

Candy, C

J. Candy, C. Holland, R. E. Waltz, M. R. Fahey, and E. Belli. Tokamak profile prediction using direct gyrokinetic and neoclassical simulation.Physics of Plasmas, 16, 2009

2009
[50]

Candy and R

J. Candy and R. Waltz. Anomalous transport scaling in the diii-d tokamak matched by supercomputer simulation.Physical review letters, 91(4):045001, 2003

2003
[51]

Candy and R

J. Candy and R. Waltz. An eulerian gyrokinetic-maxwell solver.Journal of Com- putational Physics, 186(2):545–581, 2003

2003
[52]

J. M. Canik, W. Guttenfelder, R. Maingi, T. H. Osborne, S. Kubota, Y. Ren, R. E. Bell, H. W. Kugel, B. P. Leblanc, and V. A. Souhkanovskii. Edge microstabil- ity of NSTX plasmas without and with lithium-coated plasma-facing components. Nuclear Fusion, 53(11), 2013

2013
[53]

N. M. Cao and D. Qi. Nearly integrable flows and chaotic tangles in the dimits shift regime of plasma edge turbulence.Physics of Plasmas, 30(9), 2023

2023
[54]

F. J. Casson, A. Peeters, Y. Camenen, W. Hornsby, A. Snodin, D. Strintzi, and G. Szepesi. Anomalous parallel momentum transport due to e× b flow shear in a tokamak plasma.Physics of Plasmas, 16(9), 2009

2009
[55]

P. J. Catto. Linearized gyro-kinetics.Plasma Physics, 20(7):719, 1978

1978
[56]

P. J. Catto, M. N. Rosenbluth, and C. S. Liu. Parallel velocity shear instabilities in an inhomogeneous plasma with a sheared magnetic field.The Physics of Fluids, 16(10):1719, 1973

1973
[57]

Chang, S

C. Chang, S. Ku, P. Diamond, Z. Lin, S. Parker, T. S. Hahm, and N. Samatova. Compressed ion temperature gradient turbulence in diverted tokamak edge.Physics of Plasmas, 16(5), 2009

2009
[58]

Chankin and G

A. Chankin and G. McCracken. Loss ion orbits at the tokamak edge. Nuclear fusion, 33(10):1459, 1993

1993
[59]

Chapman, S

I. Chapman, S. Sharapov, G. Huysmans, and A. Mikhailovskii. Modeling the ef- fect of toroidal plasma rotation on drift-magnetohydrodynamic modes in tokamaks. Physics of plasmas, 13(6), 2006. 61

2006
[60]

Chapman-Oplopoiou, D

B. Chapman-Oplopoiou, D. Hatch, A. Field, L. Frassinetti, J. Hillesheim, L. Hor- vath, C. Maggi, J. Parisi, C. Roach, S. Saarelma, J. Walker, and J. Contributors. The role of etg modes in jet–ilw pedestals with varying levels of power and fuelling. Nuclear Fusion, 62(8):086028...

2022
[61]

X. Chen, K. H. Burrell, T. H. Osborne, K. Barada, N. M. Ferraro, A. M. Garofalo, R. J. Groebner, G. R. McKee, C. C. Petty, M. Porkolab, T. L. Rhodes, J. C. Rost, P. B. Snyder, W. M. Solomon, and Z. Yan. Bifurcation of quiescent h-mode to a wide pedestal regime in diii-d and ad...

2017
[62]

M. Choi, J. Kim, J. Kwon, H. Park, Y. In, W. Lee, K. Lee, G. Yun, J. Lee, M. Kim, et al. Multiscale interaction between a large scale magnetic island and small scale turbulence. Nuclear Fusion, 57(12):126058, 2017

2017
[63]

Citrin, J

J. Citrin, J. Garcia, T Gö,rler, F Jenko, P Mantica, D Told, C Bourdelle, DR Hatch, GMD Hogeweij, Thomas Johnson, et al. Electromagnetic stabilization of toka- mak microturbulence in a high-β regime. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 57(1):014032, 2014

2014
[64]

Citrin, F

J. Citrin, F. Jenko, P. Mantica, D. Told, C. Bourdelle, R. Dumont, J. Garcia, J. Haverkort, G. Hogeweij, T. Johnson, et al. Ion temperature profile stiffness: non- linear gyrokinetic simulations and comparison with experiment.Nuclear Fusion, 54(2):023008, 2014

2014
[65]

C. F. Clauser, W. Guttenfelder, T. Rafiq, and E. Schuster. Linear ion-scale mi- crostability analysis of high and low-collisionality nstx discharges and nstx-u pro- jections. Physics of Plasmas, 29, 2022

2022
[66]

T. M. Collaboration, G. Rutherford, H. S. Wilson, A. Saltzman, D. Arnold, J. L. Ball, S. Benjamin, R. Bielajew, N. de Boucaud, M. Calvo-Carrera, R. Chandra, H. Choudhury, C. Cummings, L. Corsaro, N. DaSilva, R. Diab, A. R. Devitre, S. Ferry, S. J. Frank, C. J. Hansen, J. Jerki...

2024
[67]

G. J. Colyer, A. A. Schekochihin, F. I. Parra, C. M. Roach, M. A. Barnes, Y. C. Ghim, and W. Dorland. Collisionality scaling of the electron heat flux in ETG turbulence. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 2017

2017
[68]

S. Combs. Pellet injection technology.Review of scientific instruments, 64(7):1679– 1698, 1993

1993
[69]

J. Connor. Transport in tokamaks: Theoretical models and comparison with ex- perimental results. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 37(11A):A119, 1995

1995
[70]

J. W. Connor, S. C. Cowley, and R. J. Hastie. Micro-tearing stability in tokamaks. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 32(10):799, 1990. 62

1990
[71]

J. W. Connor, R. J. Hastie, and J. B. Taylor. High mode number stability of an axisymmetric toroidal plasma.Proc R Soc London Ser A, 365(1720):3651–17, 1979

1979
[72]

J. W. Connor, R. J. Hastie, H. R. Wilson, and R. L. Miller. Magnetohydrodynamic stability of tokamak edge plasmas.Physics of Plasmas, 5(7):2687, 1998

1998
[73]

J. G. Cordey, K. Thomsen, A. Chudnovskiy, O. J. W. F. Kardaun, T. Takizuka, J. A. Snipes, M. Greenwald, L. Sugiyama, F. Ryter, A. Kus, J. Stober, J. C. DeBoo, C. C. Petty, G. Bracco, M. Romanelli, Z. Cui, Y. Liu, D. C. McDonald, A.Meakins, Y.Miura, K.Shinohara, K.Tsuzuki, Y.Ka...

2005
[74]

Costello, J

P. Costello, J. Proll, G. Plunk, M. Pueschel, and JA Alcusó,n. The universal instability in optimised stellarators.Journal of Plasma Physics, 89(4):905890402, 2023

2023
[75]

Costley, J

A. Costley, J. Hugill, and P. Buxton. On the power and size of tokamak fusion pilot plants and reactors.Nuclear Fusion, 55(3):033001, 2015

2015
[76]

S. C. Cowley, R. M. Kulsrud, and R. Sudan. Considerations of ion temperature gradient driven turbulence.Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics, 3(10):2767, 1991

1991
[77]

A. J. Creely, M. J. Greenwald, S. B. Ballinger, D. Brunner, J. Canik, J. Doody, Fü, T.löp, D. T. Garnier, R. Granetz, T. K. Gray, C. Holland, N. T. Howard, J. W. Hughes, J. H. Irby, V. A. Izzo, G. J. Kramer, A. Q. Kuang, B. LaBom- bard, Y. Lin, B. Lipschultz, N. C. Logan, J. D...

2020
[78]

Dannert and F

T. Dannert and F. Jenko. Gyrokinetic simulation of collisionless trapped-electron mode turbulence. Physics of Plasmas, 12(7):072309, 2005

2005
[79]

Darrow, S

D. Darrow, S. Zweben, S. Batha, R. Budny, C. Bush, Z. Chang, C. Cheng, H. Duong, J. Fang, N. Fisch, et al. Alpha particle losses from tokamak fusion test reactor deuterium–tritium plasmas.Physics of Plasmas, 3(5):1875–1880, 1996

1996
[80]

A. W. Degeling, Y. R. Martin, J. B. Lister, L. Villard, V. N. Dokouka, V. E. Lukash, and R. R. Khayrutdinov. Magnetic triggering of elms in tcv.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 45(9):1637, aug 2003

2003
[81]

del Castillo-Negrete

D. del Castillo-Negrete. Chaotic transport in zonal flows in analogous geophysical and plasma systems.Physics of Plasmas, 7(5):1702–1711, 2000

2000
[82]

B. Deng, C. Domier, N. Luhmann Jr, D. Brower, AJH Donné,, T Oyevaar, and MJ van de Pol. Electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic of t e profiles and fluctuations. Physics of Plasmas, 8(5):2163–2169, 2001. 63

2001
[83]

L. E. di Grazia, E. Fable, M. Mattei, M. Siccinio, F. Maviglia, and H. Zohm. Burn control strategies using plasma elongation in demo.Fusion Engineering and Design, 215:114976, 2025

2025
[84]

Di Siena, T Gö,rler, H Doerk, E Poli, and R Bilato

A. Di Siena, T Gö,rler, H Doerk, E Poli, and R Bilato. Fast-ion stabilization of tokamak plasma turbulence.Nuclear Fusion, 58(5):054002, 2018

2018
[85]

Di Siena, A

A. Di Siena, A. B. Navarro, G. Luda, T .and Merlo, L. Bergmann, M.and Leppin, T. Görler, J. B. Parker, L. LoDestro, T. Dannert, et al. Global gyrokinetic simu- lations of asdex upgrade up to the transport timescale with gene–tango.Nuclear Fusion, 62(10):106025, 2022

2022
[86]

Diamond, C

P. Diamond, C. McDevitt, Özgür D Gü,rcan, TS Hahm, WX Wang, ES Yoon, I Holod, Z Lin, Volker Naulin, and R Singh. Physics of non-diffusive turbulent transport of momentum and the origins of spontaneous rotation in tokamaks.Nu- clear Fusion, 49(4):045002, 2009

2009
[87]

P. H. Diamond, S. Itoh, K. Itoh, and T. Hahm. Zonal flows in plasma—a review. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 47(5):R35, 2005

2005
[88]

Dickinson, C

D. Dickinson, C. M. Roach, S. Saarelma, R. Scannell, A. Kirk, and H. R. Wilson. Microtearing modes at the top of the pedestal. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 55(7):074006, 2013

2013
[89]

A. M. Dimits, G. Bateman, M. A. Beer, B. I. Cohen, W. Dorland, G. W. Hammett, C. Kim, J. E. Kinsey, M. Kotschenreuther, A. H. Kritz, L. L. Lao, J. Mandrekas, W. M. Nevins, S. E. Parker, A. J. Redd, D. E. Shumaker, R. Sydora, and J. Wei- land. Comparisons and physics basis of t...

2000
[90]

Doerk, F

H. Doerk, F. Jenko, T Gö,rler, D Told, MJ Pueschel, and DR Hatch. Gyrokinetic prediction of microtearing turbulence in standard tokamaks.Physics of Plasmas, 19(5), 2012

2012
[91]

Doerk, F

H. Doerk, F. Jenko, M. Pueschel, and D. Hatch. Gyrokinetic microtearing turbu- lence. Physical review letters, 106(15):155003, 2011

2011
[92]

Dominski, W

J. Dominski, W. Guttenfelder, D. Hatch, T. Goerler, F. Jenko, S. Munaretto, and S.Kaye. Globalmicro-tearingmodesinthewidepedestalofannstxplasma. Physics of Plasmas, 31(4), 2024

2024
[93]

Electrontemperature gradient turbulence

W.Dorland, F.Jenko, M.Kotschenreuther, andB.N.Rogers. Electrontemperature gradient turbulence. Physical Review Letters, 85(26):5579, 2000

2000
[94]

J. F. Drake, N. T. Gladd, C. S. Liu, and C. L. Chang. Microtearing modes and anomalous transport in tokamaks.Physical Review Letters, 44(15):994, 1980

1980
[95]

Dubbioso, G

S. Dubbioso, G. De Tommasi, A. Mele, G. Tartaglione, M. Ariola, and A. Pironti. A deep reinforcement learning approach for vertical stabilization of tokamak plasmas. Fusion Engineering and Design, 194:113725, 2023. 64

2023
[96]

Duesing, H

G. Duesing, H. Altmann, H. Falter, A. Goede, R. Haange, R. Hemsworth, P. Kup- schus, D. Stork, and E. Thompson. Neutral beam injection system.Fusion Tech- nology, 11(1):163–202, 1987

1987
[97]

M. G. Dunne, M. Faitsch, L. Radovanović,, and E. Wolfrum. Quasi-continuous exhaust operational space.Nuclear Fusion, 2024

2024
[98]

Durst, R

R. Durst, R. Fonck, G. Cosby, H. Evensen, and S. Paul. Density fluctuation measurements via beam emission spectroscopy. Review of scientific instruments, 63(10):4907–4912, 1992

1992
[99]

Dux and A

R. Dux and A. Peeters. Neoclassical impurity transport in the core of an ignited tokamak plasma.Nuclear fusion, 40(10):1721, 2000

2000
[100]

M. Eder, C. Albert, L. Bauer, S. Kasilov, and W. Kernbichler. Quasi-geometric integration of guiding-center orbits in piecewise linear toroidal fields.Physics of Plasmas, 27(12), 2020

2020
[101]

M. Eder, D. Forstenlechner, Georg S Graß,ler, Sergei V Kasilov, Winfried Kern- bichler, Markus Meisterhofer, Michael Scheidt, Christopher G Albert, et al. Gorilla: Guiding-center orbit integration with local linearization approach.Journal of Open Source Software, 8(86):4890, 2023

2023
[102]

T. Eich, A. Leonard, R. Pitts, W. Fundamenski, R. J. Goldston, T. Gray, A. Her- rmann, A. Kirk, A. Kallenbach, O. Kardaun, et al. Scaling of the tokamak near the scrape-off layer h-mode power width and implications for iter.Nuclear fusion, 53(9):093031, 2013

2013
[103]

L. A. El-Guebaly and S. Malang. Toward the ultimate goal of tritium self- sufficiency: Technical issues and requirements imposed on aries advanced power plants. Fusion Engineering and Design, 84, 2009

2009
[104]

Eldon, L

D. Eldon, L. Casali, I. Bykov, C. Chrystal, K. Erickson, A. Hyatt, A. Leonard, A. Moser, A. Nelson, T Odstrčil, et al. Characterization and controllability of radiated power via extrinsic impurity seeding in strongly negative triangularity plasmas in diii-d.Plasma Physics and ...

2024
[105]

D. R. Ernst, P. T. Bonoli, P. J. Catto, W. Dorland, C. L. Fiore, R. S. Granetz, M. Greenwald, A. E. Hubbard, M. Porkolab, M. H. Redi, J. E. Rice, and K. Zhurovich. Role of trapped electron mode turbulence in internal transport bar- rier control in the Alcator C-Mod Tokamak.Phy...

2004
[106]

D. R. Ernst, A. Bortolon, C. S. Chang, S. Ku, F. Scotti, H. Q. Wang, Z. Yan, J. Chen, C. Chrystal, F. Glass, S. Haskey, R. Hood, F. Khabanov, F. Laggner, C. Lasnier, G. R. McKee, T. L. Rhodes, D. Truong, and J. Watkins. Broadening of the divertor heat flux profile in high conf...

2024
[107]

T. E. Evans, R. A. Moyer, P. R. Thomas, J. G. Watkins, T. H. Osborne, J. A. Boedo, E. J. Doyle, M. E. Fenstermacher, K. H. Finken, R. J. Groebner, M. Groth, J. H. Harris, R. J. La Haye, C. J. Lasnier, S. Masuzaki, N. Ohyabu, D. G. Pretty, 65 T. L. Rhodes, H. Reimerdes, D. L. R...

2004
[108]

H. T. Evensen, R. J. Fonck, S. F. Paul, G. Rewoldt, S. D. Scott, W. M. Tang, and M. C. Zarnstorff. Measurements of ion temperature fluctuations in the tokamak fusion test reactor.Nuclear Fusion, 38(2), 1998

1998
[109]

Fable, A

E. Fable, A. Kallenbach, R. M. McDermott, M. Bernert, C. Angioni, and T. A. U. Team. High-confinement radiative l-modes in asdex upgrade. Nuclear Fusion, 62(2):024001, dec 2021

2021
[110]

V. N. Faddeeva and N. Terent’ev. Tables of Values of the Function w(z) = exp(−z2)(1+2i/√π R z 0 exp(t2)dt) for Complex Argument.English Translation: New York Pergamon Press, 1961, 1954

1961
[111]

Faitsch, T

M. Faitsch, T. Eich, G. Harrer, E. Wolfrum, D. Brida, P. David, M. Griener, U. Stroth, A. U. Team, E. M. Team, et al. Broadening of the power fall-off length in a high density, high confinement h-mode regime in asdex upgrade. Nuclear Materials and Energy, 26:100890, 2021

2021
[112]

Faitsch, T

M. Faitsch, T. Eich, G.F. Harrer, E. Wolfrum, D. Brida, P. David, M. Dunne, L. Gil, B. Labit, U. Stroth, et al. Analysis and expansion of the quasi-continuous exhaust (qce) regime in asdex upgrade.Nuclear Fusion, 63(7):076013, 2023

2023
[113]

A. Fasoli. Essay: Overcoming the obstacles to a magnetic fusion power plant. Physical Review Letters, 130(22):220001, 2023

2023
[114]

Federici, C

G. Federici, C. Bachmann, L. Barucca, C. Baylard, W. Biel, L. Boccaccini, C. Bus- treo, S. Ciattaglia, F. Cismondi, V. Corato, C. Day, E. Diegele, T. Franke, E. Gaio, C. Gliss, T. Haertl, A. Ibarra, J. Holden, G. Keech, R. Kembleton, A. Loving, F. Maviglia, J. Morris, B. Mesza...

2019
[115]

Felici et al

F. Felici et al. Real-time physics-model-based simulation of the current density profile in tokamak plasmas.Nuclear Fusion, 51(8):083052, 2011

2011
[116]

Field, D

A. Field, D. Dunai, R. Gaffka, Y. Ghim, I. Kiss, B. Meszaros, T. Krizsanoczi, S.Shibaev, andS.Zoletnik. Beamemissionspectroscopyturbulenceimagingsystem for the mast spherical tokamak.Review of Scientific Instruments, 83(1), 2012

2012
[117]

Freethy, G

S. Freethy, G. Conway, I. Classen, A. Creely, T. Happel, A Kö,hn, B Vanovac, and AE White. Measurement of turbulent electron temperature fluctuations on the asdex upgrade tokamak using correlated electron cyclotron emission.Review of Scientific Instruments, 87(11), 2016

2016
[118]

E. A. Frieman and L. Chen. Nonlinear gyrokinetic equations for low-frequency elec- tromagnetic waves in general plasma equilibria.The Physics of Fluids, 25(3):502, 1982

1982
[119]

Frisch and A

U. Frisch and A. N. Kolmogorov.Turbulence: the legacy of AN Kolmogorov. Cam- bridge university press, 1995. 66

1995
[120]

Fujisawa, T

A. Fujisawa, T. Ido, A. Shimizu, S. Okamura, K. Matsuoka, H. Iguchi, Y. Hamada, H. Nakano, S. Ohshima, K. Itoh, et al. Experimental progress on zonal flow physics in toroidal plasmas.Nuclear fusion, 47(10):S718, 2007

2007
[121]

Fundamenski, O

W. Fundamenski, O. E. Garcia, V. Naulin, R. A. Pitts, A. H. Nielsen, J. Juul Ras- mussen, J. Horacek, J. P. Graves, and J. E. contributors. Dissipative processes in interchange driven scrape-off layer turbulence.Nuclear Fusion, 47(5):417, apr 2007

2007
[122]

Furth, R

H. Furth, R. J. Goldston, S. Zweben, and D. Sigmar. Burning plasmas.Nuclear fusion, 30(9):1799, 1990

1990
[123]

Garbet, P

X. Garbet, P. Mantica, C. Angioni, E. Asp, Y. Baranov, C. Bourdelle, R. Budny, F. Crisanti, G. Cordey, L. Garzotti, N. Kirneva, D. Hogeweij, T. Hoang, F. Im- beaux, E. Joffrin, X. Litaudon, A. Manini, D. C. McDonald, H. Nordman, V. Parail, A. Peeters, F. Ryter, C. Sozzi, M. Va...

2004
[124]

Garbet, P

X. Garbet, P. Mantica, F. Ryter, G. Cordey, F. Imbeaux, C. Sozzi, A. Manini, E. Asp, V. Parail, R. Wolf, et al. Profile stiffness and global confinement.Plasma physics and controlled fusion, 46(9):1351, 2004

2004
[125]

Garcia and J

J. Garcia and J. Contributors. Electromagnetic and fast ions effects as a key mech- anism for turbulent transport suppression at jet.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 64(10):104002, 2022

2022
[126]

Garofalo, W

A. Garofalo, W. Solomon, J. Park, K. Burrell, J. DeBoo, M. Lanctot, G. McKee, H. Reimerdes, L. Schmitz, M. Schaffer, and P. Snyder. Advances towards qh-mode viability for elm-stable operation in iter.Nuclear Fusion, 51(8):083018, jul 2011

2011
[127]

Gerhardt, J

S. Gerhardt, J. Canik, R. Maingi, D. Battaglia, R. Bell, W. Guttenfelder, B. LeBlanc, D. Smith, H. Yuh, and S. Sabbagh. Progress in understanding the enhanced pedestal h-mode in nstx.Nuclear Fusion, 54(8):083021, jun 2014

2014
[128]

Kennedy, B

M.Giacomin, D.Dickinson, W.Dorland, N.Mandell, A.Bokshi, F.Casson, H.Dud- ding, D. Kennedy, B. Patel, and C. Roach. A quasi-linear model of electromagnetic turbulent transport and its application to flux-driven transport predictions for step. Journal of Plasma Physics, 91(1):E16, 2025

2025
[129]

Giannone, J

L. Giannone, J. Baldzuhn, R. Burhenn, P. Grigull, U. Stroth, F. Wagner, R. Brakel, C. Fuchs, H. Hartfuss, K. McCormick, et al. Physics of the density limit in the w7-as stellarator. Plasma physics and controlled fusion, 42(6):603, 2000

2000
[130]

L. Gil, C. Silva, T. Happel, G. Birkenmeier, G. Conway, L. Guimarais, A. Kallen- bach, Pü, T.tterich, J. Santos, P.A. Schneider, M. Schubert, E. Seliunin, A. Silva, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Trier, E. Wolfrum, the ASDEX Upgrade team, and the EUROfusion MST1 team. Stationary elm...

2020
[131]

Gladd, J

N. Gladd, J. Drake, C. Chang, and C. Liu. Electron temperature gradient driven microtearing mode. The Physics of Fluids, 23(6):1182–1192, 1980. 67

1980
[132]

Goerler, X

T. Goerler, X. Lapillonne, S. Brunner, T. Dannert, F. Jenko, F. Merz, and D. Told. The global version of the gyrokinetic turbulence code gene.Journal of Computa- tional Physics, 230(18):7053–7071, 2011

2011
[133]

R. J. Goldston. Energy confinement scaling in tokamaks: some implications of recent experiments with ohmic and strong auxiliary heating.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 26:87–103, 1 1984

1984
[134]

N. N. Gorelenkov, S. Pinches, and K. Toi. Energetic particle physics in fu- sion research in preparation for burning plasma experiments. Nuclear Fusion, 54(12):125001, 2014

2014
[135]

Grandgirard, Y

V. Grandgirard, Y. Sarazin, P. Angelino, A. Bottino, N. Crouseilles, G. Darmet, G. Dif-Pradalier, X. Garbet, P. Ghendrih, S. Jolliet, et al. Global full-f gyroki- netic simulations of plasma turbulence. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 49(12B):B173, 2007

2007
[136]

Greaves, J

R. Greaves, J. Chen, and A. Sen. Experimental study of an ion-temperature- gradientdriveninstabilityinalinearmachine. Plasma physics and controlled fusion, 34(7):1253, 1992

1992
[137]

Green et al

B. Green et al. Iter: burning plasma physics experiment. Plasma physics and controlled fusion, 45(5):687, 2003

2003
[138]

Greenwald, J

M. Greenwald, J. Schachter, W. Dorland, R. Granetz, A. Hubbard, J. Rice, J. Snipes, P. Stek, and S. Wolfe. Transport phenomena in alcator c-mod h-modes. Plasma physics and controlled fusion, 40(5):789, 1998

1998
[139]

Greenwald, J

M. Greenwald, J. L. Terry, S. M. Wolfe, S. Ejima, M. G. Bell, S. M. Kaye, and G. H. Neilson. A new look at density limits in tokamaks.Nuclear Fusion, 28(12):2199, 1988

1988
[140]

Guazzotto, R

L. Guazzotto, R. Betti, J. Manickam, and S. Kaye. Numerical study of tokamak equilibria with arbitrary flow.Physics of Plasmas, 11(2):604–614, 2004

2004
[141]

Guttenfelder, J

W. Guttenfelder, J. Candy, S. M. Kaye, W. M. Nevins, E. Wang, R. E. Bell, G. W. Hammett, B. P. Leblanc, D. R. Mikkelsen, and H. Yuh. Electromagnetic transport from microtearing mode turbulence.Physical Review Letters, 106(15):155004, 2011

2011
[142]

Hahm and W

T. Hahm and W. Tang. Weak turbulence theory of collisionless trapped electron driven drift instability in tokamaks.Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics, 3(4):989– 999, 1991

1991
[143]

T. S. Hahm and K. H. Burrell. Flow shear induced fluctuation suppression in finite aspect ratio shaped tokamak plasma.Physics of Plasmas, 2(5):1648, 1995

1995
[144]

A. H. Hakim, N. R. Mandell, T. Bernard, M. Francisquez, G. Hammett, and E. Shi. Continuum electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations of turbulence in the tokamak scrape-off layer and laboratory devices.Physics of Plasmas, 27(4), 2020

2020
[145]

V. H. Hall-Chen, F. I. Parra, and J. C. Hillesheim. Beam model of doppler backscat- tering. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 64(9):095002, 2022. 68

2022
[146]

Hallenbert and G

A. Hallenbert and G. G. Plunk. Predicting the dimits shift through reduced mode tertiary instability analysis in a strongly driven gyrokinetic fluid limit.Journal of Plasma Physics, 87(5):905870508, 2021

2021
[147]

G. W. Hammett and F. I. Parra. Turbulence and nonlinear processes in fluids and plasmas (lecture notes forthcoming). 2025

2025
[148]

G. W. Hammett and F. W. Perkins. Fluid moment models for landau damping with application to the ion-temperature-gradient instability.Physical Review Letters, 64, 1990

1990
[149]

Hansen, I

C. Hansen, I. Stewart, D. Burgess, M. Pharr, S. Guizzo, F. Logak, A. Nelson, and C. Paz-Soldan. Tokamaker: An open-source time-dependent grad-shafranov tool for the design and modeling of axisymmetric fusion devices. Computer Physics Communications, 298:109111, 2024

2024
[150]

M. R. Hardman, M. Barnes, C. M. Roach, and F. I. Parra. A scale-separated approach for studying coupled ion and electron scale turbulence.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 61(6):065025, 2019

2019
[151]

M. R. Hardman, F. I. Parra, C. Chong, T. Adkins, M. S. Anastopoulos-Tzanis, M. Barnes, D. Dickinson, J. F. Parisi, and H. Wilson. Extended electron tails in electrostatic microinstabilities and the nonadiabatic response of passing electrons. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusio...

2022
[152]

M. R. Hardman, F. I. Parra, B. S. Patel, C. M. Roach, J. R. Ruiz, M. Barnes, D. Dickinson, W. Dorland, J. F. Parisi, D. St-Onge, and H. Wilson. New linear stabilityparametertodescribelow-betaelectromagneticmicroinstabilitiesdrivenby passingelectronsinaxisymmetrictoroidalgeomet...

2023
[153]

G. F. Harrer, M. Faitsch, L. Radovanovic, E. Wolfrum, C. Albert, A. Cathey, M. Cavedon, M. Dunne, T. Eich, R. Fischer, M. Griener, M. Hoelzl, B. Labit, H. Meyer, F. Aumayr, T. A. U. Team, and T. E. M. Team. Quasicontinuous exhaust scenario for a fusion reactor: The renaissance...

2022
[154]

Temperaturefluctuationsandtheircorrelation with density fluctuations in w7-as

MHä,se, MHirsch, andHJHartfuss. Temperaturefluctuationsandtheircorrelation with density fluctuations in w7-as. Review of scientific instruments, 70(1):1014– 1017, 1999

1999
[155]

Hassan, D

E. Hassan, D. Hatch, M. Halfmoon, M. Curie, M. Kotchenreuther, S. Mahajan, G. Merlo, R. Groebner, A. Nelson, and A. Diallo. Identifying the microtearing modes in the pedestal of diii-d h-modes using gyrokinetic simulations. Nuclear Fusion, 62(2):026008, 2021

2021
[156]

Hatch, M

D. Hatch, M. Kotschenreuther, P. Li, B. Chapman-Oplopoiou, J. Parisi, S. Maha- jan, and R. Groebner. Modeling electron temperature profiles in the pedestal with simple formulas for etg transport.Nuclear Fusion, 64(6):066007, apr 2024

2024
[157]

D. R. Hatch, M. Kotschenreuther, S. Mahajan, P. Valanju, F. Jenko, D. Told, T. Gö,rler, and S. Saarelma. Microtearing turbulence limiting the JET-ILW pedestal. Nuclear Fusion, 56(10):104003, 2016. 69

2016
[158]

D. R. Hatch, M. Kotschenreuther, S. M. Mahajan, G. Merlo, A. R. Field, C. Giroud, and J. Hillesheim. Direct Gyrokinetic Comparison of Pedestal Transport in JET with Carbon and ITER-Like Walls.Nuclear Fusion, 59(8):086056, 2019

2019
[159]

D. R. Hatch, M. Kotschenreuther, S. M. Mahajan, M. J. Pueschel, C. Michoski, G. Merlo, E. Hassan, A. R. Field, L. Frassinetti, C. Giroud, J. C. Hillesheim, C. F. Maggi, C. Perez Von Thun, C. M. Roach, S. Saarelma, D. Jarema, and F. Jenko. Microtearing modes as the source of ma...

2021
[160]

D. R. Hatch, D. Told, F. Jenko, H. Doerk, M. G. Dunne, E. Wolfrum, E. Viezzer, and M. J. Pueschel. Gyrokinetic study of ASDEX Upgrade inter-ELM pedestal profile evolution. Nuclear Fusion, 55(6):063028, 2015

2015
[161]

Hawryluk, S

R. Hawryluk, S. Suckewer, and S. Hirshman. Low-z impurity transport in tokamaks. Nuclear Fusion, 19(5):607, 1979

1979
[162]

R. J. Hawryluk and H. Zohm. The challenge and promise of studying burning plasmas. Physics Today, 72(12):34–40, 2019

2019
[163]

Heidbrink

W. Heidbrink. Alpha particle physics in a tokamak burning plasma experiment. Physics of Plasmas, 9(5):2113–2119, 2002

2002
[164]

Heidbrink

W. Heidbrink. Basic physics of alfvén instabilities driven by energetic particles in toroidally confined plasmas.Physics of Plasmas, 15(5), 2008

2008
[165]

J. A. Heikkinen, S. J. Janhunen, T. P. Kiviniemi, and F. Ogando. Full f gyrokinetic method for particle simulation of tokamak transport. Journal of Computational Physics, 227(11):5582–5609, 2008

2008
[166]

Helander, S

P. Helander, S. L. Newton, Albert Mollé,n, and Håkan M Smith. Impurity transport in a mixed-collisionality stellarator plasma.Physical review letters, 118(15):155002, 2017

2017
[167]

Helander and G

P. Helander and G. Plunk. The universal instability in general geometry.Physics of Plasmas, 22(9), 2015

2015
[168]

Helander and D

P. Helander and D. J. Sigmar.Collisional transport in magnetized plasmas. Cam- bridge University Press, 2002

2002
[169]

Hemsworth and D

R. Hemsworth and D. Boilson. Considerations for the development of neutral beam injection for fusion reactors or demo. InAIP Conference Proceedings, volume 1869. AIP Publishing, 2017

2017
[170]

T. C. Hender, J. C. Wesley, J. Bialek, A. Bondeson, A. H. Boozer, R. J. Buttery, A. Garofalo, T. P. Goodman, R. S. Granetz, Y. Gribov, O. Gruber, M. Gryaznevich, G. Giruzzi, S. Günter, N. Hayashi, P. Helander, C. C. Hegna, D. F. Howell, D. A. Humphreys, G.T.A.Huysmans, A.W.Hya...

2007
[171]

Hennequin, C Honoré,, A Truc, A Quéméneur, C Fenzi-Bonizec, C Bourdelle, X Garbet, GT Hoang, Tore Supra team, et al

P. Hennequin, C Honoré,, A Truc, A Quéméneur, C Fenzi-Bonizec, C Bourdelle, X Garbet, GT Hoang, Tore Supra team, et al. Fluctuation spectra and velocity profile from doppler backscattering on tore supra.Nuclear fusion, 46(9):S771, 2006

2006
[172]

M. F. Heyn, I. B. Ivanov, S. V. Kasilov, W. Kernbichler, P. Leitner, V. V. Nemov, W. Suttrop, A. U. Team, et al. Quasilinear modelling of rmp interaction with a tokamak plasma: application to asdex upgrade elm mitigation experiments.Nuclear Fusion, 54(6):064005, 2014

2014
[173]

Hillesheim, N

J. Hillesheim, N. Crocker, W. Peebles, H. Meyer, A. Meakins, A. Field, D. Dunai, M. Carr, N. Hawkes, M. Team, et al. Doppler backscattering for spherical tokamaks and measurement of high-k density fluctuation wavenumber spectrum in mast.Nu- clear Fusion, 55(7):073024, 2015

2015
[174]

Hillesheim, J

J. Hillesheim, J. DeBoo, W. Peebles, T. Carter, G. Wang, T. Rhodes, L. Schmitz, G. McKee, Z. Yan, G. Staebler, et al. Experimental characterization of multiscale and multifield turbulence as a critical gradient threshold is surpassed in the diii-d tokamak. Physics of Plasmas, ...

2013
[175]

Hillesheim, J

J. Hillesheim, J. DeBoo, W. Peebles, T. Carter, G. Wang, T. Rhodes, L. Schmitz, G. McKee, Z. Yan, G. Staebler, et al. Observation of a critical gradient threshold for electron temperature fluctuations in the diii-d tokamak.Physical Review Letters, 110(4):045003, 2013

2013
[176]

Hillesheim, E

J. Hillesheim, E. Delabie, H. Meyer, C. Maggi, L. Meneses, E. Poli, J. Contributors, and J. C. S. C. A. O. O. 3. U. K. EUROfusion Consortium. Stationary zonal flows during the formation of the edge transport barrier in the jet tokamak.Physical review letters, 116(6):065002, 2016

2016
[177]

Hirshman and D

S. Hirshman and D. Sigmar. Neoclassical transport of impurities in tokamak plas- mas. Nuclear Fusion, 21(9):1079, 1981

1981
[178]

S. P. Hirshman and J. C. Whitson. Steepest-descent moment method for three- dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equilibria.The Physics of Fluids, 26(12):3553– 3568, 12 1983

1983
[179]

G. T. Hoang, C. Bourdelle, X. Garbet, G. Giruzzi, T. Aniel, M. Ottaviani, W. Hor- ton, P. Zhu, and R. V. Budny. Experimental determination of critical threshold in electron transport on tore supra.Phys. Rev. Lett., 87:125001, 2001

2001
[180]

A. C. D. Hoffmann, B. J. Frei, and P. Ricci. Gyrokinetic moment-based simulations of the dimits shift.Journal of Plasma Physics, 89(6):905890611, 2023

2023
[181]

Holland, J

C. Holland, J. Kinsey, J. DeBoo, K. Burrell, T. Luce, S. Smith, C. Petty, A. White, T. Rhodes, L. Schmitz, et al. Validation studies of gyrofluid and gyrokinetic pre- dictions of transport and turbulence stiffness using the diii-d tokamak. Nuclear Fusion, 53(8):083027, 2013. 71

2013
[182]

Holland, T

C. Holland, T. C. Luce, B. A. Grierson, S. P. Smith, A. Marinoni, K. H. Burrell, C. Petty, and E. Bass. Examination of stiff ion temperature gradient mode physics in simulations of diii-d h-mode transport.Nuclear Fusion, 61(6):066033, 2021

2021
[183]

C. Hopf, G. Starnella, N. Den Harder, and U. Fantz. Neutral beam injection for fusion reactors: technological constraints versus functional requirements.Nuclear Fusion, 61(10):106032, 2021

2021
[184]

W. Horton. Drift waves and transport.Reviews of Modern Physics, 71(3):735, 1999

1999
[185]

W. Horton. Turbulent transport in magnetized plasmas. World Scientific, 2012

2012
[186]

Houshmandyar, K

S. Houshmandyar, K. Burrell, B. Grierson, J. McClenaghan, G. Staebler, C. Chrys- tal, M. Halfmoon, D. Hatch, L. Zeng, and M. Austin. Explaining the lack of power degradation of energy confinement in wide pedestal quiescent h-modes via transport modeling. Nuclear Fusion, 62(5):...

2022
[187]

Howard, C

N. Howard, C. Holland, A. White, M. Greenwald, and J. Candy. Synergistic cross- scale coupling of turbulence in a tokamak plasma. Physics of Plasmas, 21(11), 2014

2014
[188]

Howard, A

N. Howard, A. White, M. Greenwald, C. Holland, J. Candy, and J. Rice. Impurity transport, turbulence transitions and intrinsic rotation in alcator c-mod plasmas. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 56(12):124004, 2014

2014
[189]

N. T. Howard, C. Holland, A. E. White, M. Greenwald, and J. Candy. Multi-scale gyrokinetic simulation of tokamak plasmas: Enhanced heat loss due to cross-scale coupling of plasma turbulence.Nuclear Fusion, 56(1):014004, 2016

2016
[190]

G. G. Howes, S. C. Cowley, W. Dorland, G. W. Hammett, E. Quataert, and A. A. Schekochihin. Astrophysical gyrokinetics: Basic equations and linear theory.The Astrophysical Journal, 651(1):590, 2006

2006
[191]

Hubbard, S

A. Hubbard, S. Baek, D. Brunner, A. Creely, I. Cziegler, E. Edlund, J. Hughes, B. LaBombard, Y. Lin, Z. Liu, E. Marmar, M. Reinke, J. Rice, B. Sorbom, C. Sung, J. Terry, C. Theiler, E. Tolman, J. Walk, A. White, D. Whyte, S. Wolfe, S. Wukitch, X. Xu, and T. A. C. team. Physics...

2017
[192]

A. E. Hubbard, R. L. Boivin, R. S. Granetz, M. Greenwald, J. W. Hughes, I. H. Hutchinson, J. Irby, B. LaBombard, Y. Lin, E. S. Marmar, et al. Pedestal pro- files and fluctuations in c-mod enhanced d-alpha h-modes. Physics of Plasmas, 8(5):2033–2040, 2001

2001
[193]

J. W. Hughes, N. T. Howard, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, A. J. Creely, A. Q. Kuang, P. B. Snyder, T. M. Wilks, R. Sweeney, and M. Greenwald. Projections of H-mode access and edge pedestal in the SPARC tokamak.Journal of Plasma Physics, 86, 2020

2020
[194]

Ida and J

K. Ida and J. Rice. Rotation and momentum transport in tokamaks and helical systems. Nuclear Fusion, 54(4):045001, 2014. 72

2014
[195]

Idomura, H

Y. Idomura, H. Urano, N. Aiba, and S. Tokuda. Study of ion turbulent transport and profile formations using global gyrokinetic full-f vlasov simulation. Nuclear Fusion, 49(6):065029, 2009

2009
[196]

K. Ikeda. Progress in the iter physics basis.Nuclear Fusion, 47(6):E01, 2007

2007
[197]

Ishizawa, K

A. Ishizawa, K. Imadera, Y. Nakamura, and Y. Kishimoto. Global gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence driven by kinetic ballooning mode.Physics of Plasmas, 26(8), 2019

2019
[198]

K. Itoh, S. Itoh, P. Diamond, T. Hahm, A. Fujisawa, G. Tynan, M. Yagi, and Y. Nagashima. Physics of zonal flows.Physics of plasmas, 13(5), 2006

2006
[199]

Ivanov, P

P. Ivanov, P. Luhadiya, T. Adkins, and A. Schekochihin. The gyrokinetic field invariant and electromagnetic temperature-gradient instabilities ingood- curvature’plasmas. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.11764, 2025

2025
[200]

P. G. Ivanov and T. Adkins. An analytical form of the dispersion function for local linear gyrokinetics in a curved magnetic field. Journal of Plasma Physics, 89(2):905890213, 2023

2023
[201]

P. G. Ivanov, A. A. Schekochihin, and W. Dorland. Dimits transition in three- dimensional ion-temperature-gradient turbulence. Journal of Plasma Physics , 88(5):905880506, 2022

2022
[202]

G. L. Jackson, V. S. Chan, and R. D. Stambaugh. An analytic expression for the tritium burnup fraction in burning-plasma devices.Fusion Science and Technology, 64, 2013

2013
[203]

Jardin, C

S. Jardin, C. Bathke, D. Ehst, S. Kaye, C. Kessel, B. Lee, T. Mau, J. Menard, R. Miller, and F. Najmabadi. Physics basis for a tokamak fusion power plant. Fusion Engineering and Design, 48(3):281–298, 2000

2000
[204]

Jenko, W

F. Jenko, W. Dorland, and G. W. Hammett. Critical gradient formula for toroidal electron temperature gradient modes.Physics of Plasmas, 8(9):4096, 2001

2001
[205]

Electrontemperature gradient driven turbulence.Physics of Plasmas, 7(5):1904, 2000

F.Jenko, W.Dorland, M.Kotschenreuther, andB.N.Rogers. Electrontemperature gradient driven turbulence.Physics of Plasmas, 7(5):1904, 2000

1904
[206]

R. V. Jensen, D. Post, W. Grasberger, C. Tarter, and W. Lokke. Calculations of impurity radiation and its effects on tokamak experiments. Nuclear Fusion, 17(6):1187, 1977

1977
[207]

X. Jian, J. Chen, S. Ding, A. Garofalo, X. Gong, C. Holland, J. Huang, V. Chan, X. Qin, G. Yu, et al. Experimental validation of a kinetic ballooning mode in high-performance high-bootstrap current fraction fusion plasmas.Physical Review Letters, 131(14):145101, 2023

2023
[208]

X. Jian, C. Holland, J. Candy, E. Belli, V. Chan, A. M. Garofalo, and S. Ding. Role of microtearing turbulence in diii-d high bootstrap current fraction plasmas. Physical review letters, 123(22):225002, 2019. 73

2019
[209]

J. Jung. Tritium inventories and associated tritium-breeding requirement for fusion power reactors. Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, 46, 1984

1984
[210]

Kallenbach, M

A. Kallenbach, M. Bernert, T. Eich, J. Fuchs, L. Giannone, A. Herrmann, J. Schweinzer, W. Treutterer, A. U. Team, et al. Optimized tokamak power exhaust with double radiative feedback in asdex upgrade.Nuclear Fusion, 52(12):122003, 2012

2012
[211]

Kates-Harbeck, A

J. Kates-Harbeck, A. Svyatkovskiy, and W. Tang. Predicting disruptive instabilities in controlled fusion plasmas through deep learning. Nature, 568(7753):526–531, 2019

2019
[212]

Kaye and R

S. Kaye and R. Goldston. Global energy confinement scaling for neutral-beam- heated tokamaks.Nuclear Fusion, 25:65–69, 1 1985

1985
[213]

S. Kaye, M. Greenwald, U. Stroth, O. Kardaun, A. Kus, D. Schissel, J. DeBoo, G. Bracco, K. Thomsen, J. Cordey, et al. Iter l mode confinement database.Nuclear Fusion, 37(9):1303, 1997

1997
[214]

Keilhacker, A

M. Keilhacker, A. Gibson, C. Gormezano, P. J. Lomas, P. R. Thomas, M. L. Watkins, P. Andrew, B. Balet, D. Borba, C. D. Challis, I. Coffey, G. A. Cottrell, H. P. L. D. Esch, N. Deliyanakis, A. Fasoli, C. W. Gowers, H. Y. Guo, G. T. A. Huysmans, T. T. C. Jones, W. Kerner, R.W.T ...

1999
[215]

Kennedy, M

D. Kennedy, M. Giacomin, F. Casson, D. Dickinson, W. Hornsby, B. Patel, and C. Roach. Electromagnetic gyrokinetic instabilities in step. Nuclear Fusion, 63(12):126061, 11 2023

2023
[216]

Kikuchi, T

M. Kikuchi, T. Takizuka, S. Medvedev, T. Ando, D. Chen, J. X. Li, M. Austin, O. Sauter, L. Villard, A. Merle, et al. L-mode-edge negative triangularity tokamak reactor. Nuclear Fusion, 59(5):056017, 2019

2019
[217]

P. Kim, S. Buller, R. Conlin, W. Dorland, D. W. Dudt, R. Gaur, R. Jorge, E. Kole- men, M. Landreman, N. R. Mandell, et al. Optimization of nonlinear turbulence in stellarators. Journal of Plasma Physics, 90(2):905900210, 2024

2024
[218]

J. E. Kinsey, R. E. Waltz, and J. Candy. Nonlinear gyrokinetic turbulence simula- tions of E×B shear quenching of transport.Physics of Plasmas, 12(6), 2005

2005
[219]

Kiptily, C

V. Kiptily, C. Challis, R. Dumont, M. Fitzgerald, J. Garcia, L. Garzotti, Z. Ghani, J. Hobirk, P. Jacquet, A. Kappatou, et al. Observation of alpha-particles in recent d–t experiments on jet.Nuclear Fusion, 64(8):086059, 2024

2024
[220]

V. G. Kiptily, R. Dumont, M. Fitzgerald, D. Keeling, S. E. Sharapov, M. Poradzin- ski, et al. Evidence of electron heating by alpha particles in jet deuterium-tritium plasmas. Physical Review Letters, 131(7):075101, 2023. 74

2023
[221]

A. Kirk, E. Nardon, R. Akers, Bé, M.coulet, G. De Temmerman, B. Dudson, B. Hnat, Y.Q. Liu, R. Martin, P. Tamain, D. Taylor, and the MAST team. Reso- nant magnetic perturbation experiments on mast using external and internal coils for elm control.Nuclear Fusion, 50(3):034008, feb 2010

2010
[222]

A. Kirk, H. R. Wilson, G. F. Counsell, R. Akers, E. Arends, S. C. Cowley, J. Dowl- ing, B. Lloyd, M. Price, M. Walsh, and M. Team. Spatial and temporal structure of edge-localized modes.Physical Review Letters, 92, 2004

2004
[223]

Kotschenreuther, X

M. Kotschenreuther, X. Liu, D. R. Hatch, S. Mahajan, L. Zheng, A. Diallo, R. Groebner, J. C. Hillesheim, C. F. Maggi, C. Giroud, F. Koechl, V. Parail, S. Saarelma, E. Solano, A. Chankin, A. Chankin, and J. Contributors. Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to ident...

2019
[224]

Kovari, M

M. Kovari, M. Coleman, I. Cristescu, and R. Smith. Tritium resources available for fusion reactors. Nuclear Fusion, 58, 2018

2018
[225]

N. A. Krall and M. N. Rosenbluth. Universal instability in complex field geometries. Physics of Fluids, 8(8):1488, 1965

1965
[226]

Kramer, A

G. Kramer, A. Bortolon, A. Diallo, and R. Maingi. The formation of an radial edge electric field due to finite ion orbit width effects is the possible root cause of the h-mode edge. Nuclear Fusion, 64(10):106035, 2024

2024
[227]

J. A. Krommes. Fundamental statistical descriptions of plasma turbulence in mag- netic fields. Physics Reports, 360(1-4):1–352, 2002

2002
[228]

S. Ku, C. Chang, R. Hager, R. Churchill, G. Tynan, I. Cziegler, M. Greenwald, J. Hughes, S. E. Parker, M. Adams, et al. A fast low-to-high confinement mode bifurcation dynamics in the boundary-plasma gyrokinetic code xgc1. Physics of Plasmas, 25(5), 2018

2018
[229]

A. Q. Kuang, S. Ballinger, D. Brunner, J. Canik, A. J. Creely, T. Gray, M. Green- wald, J. W. Hughes, J. Irby, B. Labombard, B. Lipschultz, J. D. Lore, M. L. Reinke, J.L.Terry, M.Umansky, D.G.Whyte, andS.Wukitch. Divertorheatfluxchallenge and mitigation in sparc.Journal of Pla...

2020
[230]

R. M. Kulsrud, E. J. Valeo, and S. C. Cowley. Physics of spin-polarized plasmas. Nuclear Fusion, 26, 1986

1986
[231]

Kumar, Y

N. Kumar, Y. Camenen, S. Benkadda, C. Bourdelle, A. Loarte, A. R. Polevoi, F. Widmer, et al. Turbulent transport driven by kinetic ballooning modes in the inner core of jet hybrid h-modes.Nuclear Fusion, 61(3):036005, 2021

2021
[232]

LaBombard, T

B. LaBombard, T. Golfinopoulos, J. L. Terry, D. Brunner, E. Davis, M. Greenwald, J. W. Hughes, and A. C. Team. New insights on boundary plasma turbulence and the quasi-coherent mode in Alcator C-Mod using a Mirror Langmuir Probea). Physics of Plasmas, 21(5):056108, 05 2014

2014
[233]

L. Landau. On the vibrations of the electronic plasma.Zhurnal eksperimentalnoi i teoreticheskoi fiziki, 16(7):574–586, 1946. 75

1946
[234]

Landreman, T

M. Landreman, T. M. Antonsen, and W. Dorland. Universal instability for wave- lengths below the ion Larmor scale.Physical Review Letters, 114(9):095003, 2015

2015
[235]

Landreman, J

M. Landreman, J. Y. Choi, C. Alves, P. Balaprakash, R. M. Churchill, R. Conlin, and G. Roberg-Clark. How does ion temperature gradient turbulence depend on magnetic geometry? insights from data and machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.11657, 2025

2025 arXiv
[236]

Landreman, F

M. Landreman, F. I. Parra, P. J. Catto, D. R. Ernst, and I. Pusztai. Radially global δf computation of neoclassical phenomena in a tokamak pedestal.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 56(4):045005, 2014

2014
[237]

Landreman, H

M. Landreman, H. M. Smith, A. Mollén, and P. Helander. Comparison of parti- cle trajectories and collision operators for collisional transport in nonaxisymmetric plasmas. Physics of Plasmas, 21(4), 2014

2014
[238]

Lanti, N

E. Lanti, N. Ohana, N. Tronko, T. Hayward-Schneider, A. Bottino, B. F. McMillan, A. Mishchenko, A. Scheinberg, A. Biancalani, P. Angelino, et al. Orb5: a global electromagnetic gyrokinetic code using the pic approach in toroidal geometry.Com- puter Physics Communications, 251:...

2020
[239]

L. L. Lao, H. S. John, R. D. Stambaugh, A. G. Kellman, and W. Pfeiffer. Recon- struction of current profile parameters and plasma shapes in tokamaks.Nuclear Fusion, 25, 1985

1985
[240]

L. L. Lao, S. Kruger, C. Akcay, P. Balaprakash, T. A. Bechtel, E. Howell, J. Koo, J. Leddy, M. Leinhauser, Y. Q. Liu, S. Madireddy, J. McClenaghan, D. Orozco, A. Pankin, D. Schissel, S. Smith, X. Sun, and S. Williams. Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence...

2022
[241]

Lashinsky

H. Lashinsky. Universal instability in a fully ionized inhomogeneous plasma.Phys- ical Review Letters, 12(5):121, 1964

1964
[242]

J. D. Lawson. Some Criteria for a Power Producing Thermonuclear Reactor.Pro- ceedings of the Physical Society. Section B, 70(1):6–10, 1957

1957
[243]

Lee and P

G. Lee and P. Diamond. Theory of ion-temperature-gradient-driven turbulence in tokamaks. The Physics of fluids, 29(10):3291–3313, 1986

1986
[244]

W. Lee, J. Leem, J. Lee, Y. Nam, M. Kim, G. Yun, H. K. Park, Y. Kim, H. Park, K.Kim, etal. Microwaveimagingreflectometryfordensityfluctuationmeasurement on kstar. Nuclear Fusion, 54(2):023012, 2014

2014
[245]

Y. C. Lee, J. Q. Dong, P. N. Guzdar, and C. S. Liu. Collisionless electron temper- ature gradient instability.Physics of Fluids, 30(5), 1987

1987
[246]

A. Lenard. On bogoliubov’s kinetic equation for a spatially homogeneous plasma. Annals of Physics, 10(3):390–400, 1960

1960
[247]

A. W. Leonard. Edge-localized-modes in tokamaks). Physics of Plasmas , 21(9):090501, 09 2014. 76

2014
[248]

Ontheroleofmoderesonancesinregu- latingzonal-flow-moderatedplasmamicroturbulence

P.Li, M.Pueschel, P.Terry, andG.Whelan. Ontheroleofmoderesonancesinregu- latingzonal-flow-moderatedplasmamicroturbulence. Nuclear Fusion, 63(2):026028, 2023

2023
[249]

X. Z. Li, Q. M. Wei, and B. Liu. A new simple formula for fusion cross-sections of light nuclei.Nuclear Fusion, 48(12):125003, 2008

2008
[250]

P. C. Liewer. Measurements of microturbulence in tokamaks and comparisons with theories of turbulence and anomalous transport.Nuclear Fusion, 25(5):543, 1985

1985
[251]

Z. Lin, T. S. Hahm, W. W. Lee, W. M. Tang, and R. B. White. Turbulent transport reduction by zonal flows: Massively parallel simulations.Science, 281(5384):1835, 1998

1998
[252]

Y. Liu, H. Zhao, T. Zhou, X. Liu, Z. Zhu, X. Han, S. Schmuck, J. Fessey, P. Trimble, C. Domier, et al. Overview of the electron cyclotron emission measurements on east. Fusion Engineering and Design, 136:72–75, 2018

2018
[253]

T. C. Luce, K. H. Burrell, C. Holland, A. Marinoni, C. C. Petty, S. P. Smith, M. E. Austin, B. A. Grierson, and L. Zeng. Experimental challenges to stiffness as a transport paradigm. Nuclear Fusion, 58(2):026023, 2018

2018
[254]

Bondeson, and O

Lü, H.tjens, A. Bondeson, and O. Sauter. The chease code for toroidal mhd equi- libria. Computer Physics Communications, 97, 1996

1996
[255]

J. L. Luxon. A design retrospective of the diii-d tokamak.Nuclear Fusion, 42, 2002

2002
[256]

Ma et al

Y. Ma et al. Machine learning surrogate model for turbulent transport simulations in fusion plasmas.Physics of Plasmas, 27(4):042305, 2020

2020
[257]

Macwan, K

T. Macwan, K. Barada, J. F. Parisi, R. J. Groebner, T. L. Rhodes, S. Banerjee, C. Chrystal, Q. Pratt, Z. Yan, H. Wang, L. Zeng, M. E. Austin, N. A. Crocker, and W. A. Peebles. Elm-free enhanced d-alpha h-mode with near zero nbi torque injection in diii-d tokamak.Physics of Pla...

2024
[258]

Maeyama, N

S. Maeyama, N. Howard, J. Citrin, T. Watanabe, and T. Tokuzawa. Overview of multiscale turbulence studies covering ion-to-electron scales in magnetically con- fined fusion plasma.Nuclear Fusion, 64(11):112007, 2024

2024
[259]

Maeyama, Y

S. Maeyama, Y. Idomura, T. H. Watanabe, M. Nakata, M. Yagi, N. Miyato, A. Ishizawa, and M. Nunami. Cross-scale interactions between electron and ion scale turbulence in a tokamak plasma. Physical Review Letters, 114(25):255002, 2015

2015
[260]

Maeyama, A

S. Maeyama, A. Ishizawa, T. Watanabe, M. Nakata, N. Miyato, M. Yagi, and Y. Idomura. Comparison between kinetic-ballooning-mode-driven turbulence and ion-temperature-gradient-driven turbulence. Physics of Plasmas, 21(5), 2014

2014
[261]

Maeyama, T

S. Maeyama, T. H. Watanabe, and A. Ishizawa. Suppression of Ion-Scale Microtear- ing Modes by Electron-Scale Turbulence via Cross-Scale Nonlinear Interactions in Tokamak Plasmas.Physical Review Letters, 119(19):195002, 2017. 77

2017
[262]

R. Maingi. Enhanced confinement scenarios without large edge localized modes in tokamaks: control, performance, and extrapolability issues for iter.Nuclear Fusion, 54(11):114016, nov 2014

2014
[263]

Maingi, R

R. Maingi, R. E. Bell, J. M. Canik, S. P. Gerhardt, S. M. Kaye, B. P. LeBlanc, T. H. Osborne, M. G. Bell, E. D. Fredrickson, K. C. Lee, J. E. Menard, J. Park, S. A. Sabbagh, and S. A. Sabbagh. Triggered confinement enhancement and pedestal expansion in high-confinement-mode di...

2010
[264]

Maingi, R

R. Maingi, R. E. Bell, B. P. LeBlanc, D. A. Gates, S. M. Kaye, J. E. Menard, S. A. Sabbagh, and H. Yuh. The enhanced pedestal h-mode in the national spherical torus experiment. Journal of nuclear materials, 390:440–443, 2009

2009
[265]

Maisonnier, D

D. Maisonnier, D. Campbell, I. Cook, L. Di Pace, L. Giancarli, J. Hayward, A. Li Puma, M. Medrano, P. Norajitra, M. Roccella, P. Sardain, M.Q. Tran, and D. Ward. Power plant conceptual studies in europe.Nuclear Fusion, 47(11):1524, 2007

2007
[266]

N. R. Mandell, W. Dorland, I. Abel, R. Gaur, P. Kim, M. Martin, and T. Qian. Gx: a gpu-native gyrokinetic turbulence code for tokamak and stellarator design. Journal of Plasma Physics, 90(4):905900402, 2024

2024
[267]

Mantica, C

P. Mantica, C. Angioni, B. Baiocchi, M. Baruzzo, M. Beurskens, J. Bizarro, R. Budny, P. Buratti, A. Casati, C. Challis, et al. Ion heat transport studies in jet. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 53(12):124033, 2011

2011
[268]

Mantica, C

P. Mantica, C. Angioni, C. Challis, G. Colyer, L. Frassinetti, N. Hawkes, T. John- son, M. Tsalas, P.Devries, J.Weiland, et al. A keyto improvedion core confinement in the jet tokamak: Ion stiffness mitigation due to combined plasma rotation and low magnetic shear.Physical Rev...

2011
[269]

Mantica, N

P. Mantica, N. Bonanomi, A. Mariani, P. Carvalho, E. Delabie, J. Garcia, N. Hawkes, T. Johnson, D. Keeling, M. Sertoli, et al. The role of electron- scale turbulence in the jet tokamak: experiments and modelling.Nuclear Fusion, 61(9):096014, 2021

2021
[270]

Mantica, D

P. Mantica, D. Strintzi, T. Tala, C. Giroud, T. Johnson, H. Leggate, E. Lerche, T. Loarer, A. G. Peeters, A. Salmi, S. Sharapov, D. Van Eester, P. C. de Vries, L. Zabeo, and K. . Zastrow. Experimental study of the ion critical-gradient length and stiffness level and the impact...

2009
[271]

Marinoni, S

A. Marinoni, S. Brunner, Y. Camenen, S. Coda, J. P. Graves, X. Lapillonne, A. Pochelon, O. Sauter, and L. Villard. The effect of plasma triangularity on tur- bulent transport: Modeling TCV experiments by linear and non-linear gyrokinetic simulations. Plasma Physics and Control...

2009
[272]

Matsuoka, S

S. Matsuoka, S. Satake, M. Yokoyama, A. Wakasa, and S. Murakami. Neoclassical electron transport calculation by usingδf monte carlo method.Physics of Plasmas, 18(3), 2011. 78

2011
[273]

Mazzi, Y

S. Mazzi, Y. Camenen, J. Garcia, D. Zarzoso, D. Frigione, L. Garzotti, F. Rimini, D. Van Eester, and J. Contributors. Effects of the parallel flow shear on the itg- driven turbulent transport in tokamak plasmas. Nuclear Fusion, 62(9):096024, 2022

2022
[274]

Mazzi, J

S. Mazzi, J. Garcia, D. Zarzoso, Y. O. Kazakov, J. Ongena, M. Dreval, M. Nocente, et al. Enhanced performance in fusion plasmas through turbulence suppression by megaelectronvolt ions.Nature Physics, 18(7):776–782, 2022

2022
[275]

Mazzucato

E. Mazzucato. Microwave imaging reflectometry for the visualization of turbulence in tokamaks.Nuclear Fusion, 41(2):203, 2001

2001
[276]

McKee, R

G. McKee, R. Ashley, R. Durst, R. Fonck, M. Jakubowski, K. Tritz, K. Burrell, C. Greenfield, and J. Robinson. The beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic on the diii-d tokamak.Review of scientific instruments, 70(1):913–916, 1999

1999
[277]

McKee, R

G. McKee, R. Fonck, M. Jakubowski, K. Burrell, K. Hallatschek, R. Moyer, W. Nevins, D. Rudakov, and X. Xu. Observation and characterization of radially sheared zonal flows in diii-d.Plasma physics and controlled fusion, 45(12A):A477, 2003

2003
[278]

McKinney, M

I. McKinney, M. Pueschel, B. Faber, C. Hegna, A. Ishizawa, and P. Terry. Kinetic- ballooning-mode turbulence in low-average-magnetic-shear equilibria. Journal of Plasma Physics, 87(3):905870311, 2021

2021
[279]

J. E. Menard, T. Brown, L. El-Guebaly, M. Boyer, J. Canik, B. Colling, R. Raman, Z. Wang, Y. Zhai, P. Buxton, B. Covele, C. D’Angelo, A. Davis, S. Gerhardt, M.Gryaznevich, M.Harb, T.C.Hender, S.Kaye, D.Kingham, M.Kotschenreuther, S. Mahajan, R. Maingi, E. Marriott, E. T. Meier...

2016
[280]

Merle, O

A. Merle, O. Sauter, and S. Y. Medvedev. Pedestal properties of h-modes with negative triangularity using the eped-ch model. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 59:104001, 2017

2017
[281]

Meschini, S

S. Meschini, S. E. Ferry, Ré,mi Delaporte-Mathurin, and Dennis G. Whyte. Mod- eling and analysis of the tritium fuel cycle for arc- and step-class d-t fusion power plants. Nuclear Fusion, 63, 2023

2023
[282]

Meyer and S

H. Meyer and S. P. Team. Plasma burn—mind the gap.Philosophical Transactions A, 382(2280):20230406, 2024

2024
[283]

Mikkelsen and W

D. Mikkelsen and W. Dorland. Dimits shift in realistic gyrokinetic plasma- turbulence simulations. Physical review letters, 101(13):135003, 2008

2008
[284]

Molina Cabrera, S

P. Molina Cabrera, S. Coda, L. Porte, N. Offeddu, P. Lavanchy, M. Silva, M. Tous- saint, T. Team, et al. V-band doppler backscattering diagnostic in the tcv tokamak. Review of Scientific Instruments, 89(8), 2018. 79

2018
[285]

Morris, R

A. Morris, R. Akers, M. Cox, F. Militello, E. Surrey, C. Waldon, H. Wilson, and H. Zohm. Towards a fusion power plant: integration of physics and technology. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 64(6):064002, 2022

2022
[286]

N. F. Mott and H. S. W. Massey.The Theory Of Atomic Collisions. The Interna- tional Series Of Monographs On Physics. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 3rd ed. edition, 1965

1965
[287]

S. I. Muldrew, C. Harrington, J. Keep, C. Waldon, C. Ashe, R. Chapman, C. Griesel, A. J. Pearce, F. Casson, S. P. Marsden, and E. Tholerus. Concep- tual design workflow for the step prototype powerplant.Fusion Engineering and Design, 201:114238, 2024

2024
[288]

Mulholland, M

P. Mulholland, M. Pueschel, J. Proll, K. Aleynikova, B. Faber, P. Terry, C. Hegna, and C Nü,hrenberg. Finite- β turbulence in wendelstein 7-x enhanced by sub- threshold kinetic ballooning modes.Nuclear Fusion, 65(1):016022, 2024

2024
[289]

Munsat, E

T. Munsat, E. Mazzucato, H. Park, B. Deng, C. Domier, N. Luhmann Jr, J. Wang, Z. Xia, AJH Donné,, and M van de Pol. Microwave imaging reflectometer for textor. Review of scientific instruments, 74(3):1426–1432, 2003

2003
[290]

Muraca, E

M. Muraca, E. Fable, C. Angioni, T. Luda, P. David, H. Zohm, A. Di Siena, A. U. Team, et al. Reduced transport models for a tokamak flight simulator.Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 65(3):035007, 2023

2023
[291]

Nonlinearfunc- tional relation covering near-and far-marginal stability in ion temperature gradient driven turbulence

T.Nakayama, M.Nakata, M.Honda, M.Nunami, andS.Matsuoka. Nonlinearfunc- tional relation covering near-and far-marginal stability in ion temperature gradient driven turbulence. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 64(7):075007, 2022

2022
[292]

Nelson, C

A. Nelson, C. Paz-Soldan, and S. Saarelma. Prospects for h-mode inhibition in negative triangularity tokamak reactor plasmas.Nuclear Fusion, 62:096020, 2022

2022
[293]

Nelson, L

A. Nelson, L. Schmitz, C. Paz-Soldan, K. E. Thome, T. B. Cote, N. Leuthold, F. Scotti, M. E. Austin, A. Hyatt, and T. Osborne. Robust avoidance of edge- localized modes alongside gradient formation in the negative triangularity tokamak edge robust avoidance of edge-localized m...

2023
[294]

Nelson, C

A. Nelson, C. Vincent, H. Anand, J. Lovell, J. Parisi, H. Wilson, K. Imada, W. Wehner, M. Kochan, S. Blackmore, G. McArdle, S. Guizzo, L. Rondini, S. Freiberger, C. Paz-Soldan, and T. M. Team. First access to elm-free negative triangularity at low aspect ratio.Nuclear Fusion, ...

2024
[295]

A. O. Nelson, L. Schmitz, T. Cote, J. F. Parisi, S. Stewart, C. Paz-Soldan, K. E. Thome, M. E. Austin, F. Scotti, J. L. Barr, A. Hyatt, N. Leuthold, A. Marinoni, T. Neiser, T. Osborne, N. Richner, A. S. Welander, W. P. Wehner, R. Wilcox, T. M. Wilks, J. Yang, and T. D. Team. C...

2024
[296]

S. L. Newton, S. C. Cowley, and N. F. Loureiro. Understanding the effect of sheared flow on microinstabilities. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 52(12):125001, 2010. 80

2010
[297]

R. Nies, F. Parra, M. Barnes, N. Mandell, and W. Dorland. Saturation of magnetised plasma turbulence by propagating zonal flows. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.02283, 2024

2024
[298]

Nordman, J

H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and A. Jarmén. Simulation of toroidal drift mode tur- bulence driven by temperature gradients and electron trapping.Nuclear Fusion, 30(6):983, 1990

1990
[299]

Nunami, T

M. Nunami, T. H. Watanabe, H. Sugama, and K. Tanaka. Linear gyrokinetic analyses of itg modes and zonal flows in lhd with high ion temperature.Plasma and Fusion Research, 6, 2011

2011
[300]

National Academies of Sciences.Bringing fusion to the US grid. 2021

2021

Pith tools

Reviewed August 6, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

Abbate, R

J. Abbate, R. Conlin, and E. Kolemen. Data-driven profile prediction for diii-d. Nuclear Fusion, 61(4):046027, 2021

2021

[2] [2]

Abdou, M

M. Abdou, M. Riva, A. Ying, C. Day, A. Loarte, L. R. Baylor, P. Humrickhouse, T. F. Fuerst, and S. Cho. Physics and technology considerations for the deuterium- tritium fuel cycle and conditions for tritium fuel self sufficiency.Nuclear Fusion, 61, 2021. 57

2021

[3] [3]

M. A. Abdou, E. L. Vold, C. Y. Gung, M. Z. Youssef, and K. Shin. Deuterium- tritium fuel self-sufficiency in fusion reactors.Fusion Technology, 9, 1986

1986

[4] [4]

I. G. Abel, G. G. Plunk, E. Wang, M. Barnes, S. C. Cowley, W. Dorland, and A. A. Schekochihin. Multiscale gyrokinetics for rotating tokamak plasmas: fluctuations, transport and energy flows.Reports on Progress in Physics, 76(11):116201, 2013

2013

[5] [5]

Adkins, A

T. Adkins, A. A. Schekochihin, P. G. Ivanov, and C. M. Roach. Electromagnetic in- stabilities and plasma turbulence driven by electron-temperature gradient.Journal of Plasma Physics, 88, 2022

2022

[6] [6]

Kinetic ballooningmodesintokamaksandstellarators

K.Aleynikova, A.Zocco, P.Xanthopoulos, P.Helander, andC.Nührenberg. Kinetic ballooningmodesintokamaksandstellarators. Journal of Plasma Physics, 84, 2018

2018

[7] [7]

C. Angioni. Impurity transport in tokamak plasmas, theory, modelling and com- parison with experiments. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 63(7):073001, 2021

2021

[8] [8]

Angioni, Y

C. Angioni, Y. Camenen, F. J. Casson, E. Fable, R. M. McDermott, A. G. Peeters, and J. E. Rice. Off-diagonal particle and toroidal momentum transport: A survey of experimental, theoretical and modelling aspects.Nuclear Fusion, 52(11), 2012

2012