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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 33 of 33 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2507.17966.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2507.17966 v1

Coverage vector

measured 33 of 33 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.879237Z

measured 33 of 33 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

33 of 33 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact1
  • verified fuzzy31
  • unresolved1
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier0
  • metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 9164b29d-2ab1-4326-9e0b-b6b64b72f742 · outbound

This paper cites Synchronization for m ultiuser uplink OTFS,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Synchronization for m ultiuser uplink OTFS,

Reference 1

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.263274Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.786461Z digest=sha256:84ac463e093f7852ef43b29ebc9b88c619c57609f4d3af3ede68d06c116208bb

Observation af955077-02b0-4915-b8a5-39f90c43d08b · outbound

This paper cites Jakes, Microwave Mobile Communications.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Jakes, Microwave Mobile Communications

Reference 2

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.254319Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.790221Z digest=sha256:8a3a8300e6aabddd51caf1a89518af7b44cf537c230954f5a75771619376a5bf

Observation 2df57def-7ae0-474f-8c8c-045cf511d0fa · outbound

This paper cites Goldsmith, Wireless Communications.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Goldsmith, Wireless Communications

Reference 3

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.793435Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.793435Z digest=sha256:2588f04091a61c06afbe52110a78a7f8a42227d40489288a97f6c222ebae1038

Observation d4e67ad5-edf3-4bc2-be0e-334e88cc6d2f · outbound

This paper cites Performan ce degradation of OFDM systems due to Doppler spreading,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Performan ce degradation of OFDM systems due to Doppler spreading,

Reference 4

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.240113Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.796553Z digest=sha256:8ba00c19e82ae73beedcc9ca933392951c74362841cb815d6dec2b72e05bcf2f

Observation 9a6bd813-75ba-4247-890b-057c6c96dbe1 · outbound

This paper cites Orthogonal time-frequency space modulation: A p romising next-generation waveform,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Orthogonal time-frequency space modulation: A p romising next-generation waveform,

Reference 5

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.232224Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.799985Z digest=sha256:c24b78671a32885f999c06b3cbefc3034ccb4b3f92965d803ae2a0f2d6011cfa

Observation fcd71487-3196-44d8-afc8-538092728164 · outbound

This paper cites Embedde d delay- Doppler channel estimation for orthogonal time frequency s pace modu- lation,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Embedde d delay- Doppler channel estimation for orthogonal time frequency s pace modu- lation,

Reference 6

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.224222Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.803009Z digest=sha256:3ff8f27af0ffb1baee73d6ad58f8174cf9678f1c442dac1a5ba1896017e50109

Observation 8f6a7f28-e853-441e-899c-d13108b604f6 · outbound

This paper cites Impact of timing and frequency offsets on multi carrier waveform candidates for 5G,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Impact of timing and frequency offsets on multi carrier waveform candidates for 5G,

Reference 7

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.216370Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.806402Z digest=sha256:8abaa029dea008882d28f14be234f912d4bcd24388a03f12f21de42c24fb2f45

Observation ae51a9d5-bf74-41c4-afc3-c1fb08a77917 · outbound

This paper cites Tim e do- main channel estimation and equalization of CP-OTFS under m ultiple fractional Dopplers and residual synchronization errors,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Tim e do- main channel estimation and equalization of CP-OTFS under m ultiple fractional Dopplers and residual synchronization errors,

Reference 8

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.207772Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.809279Z digest=sha256:abbe92690877aa81d1895b539591b4f8e7dd418152bce3b86d4e880101b80fac

Observation 23839278-7a6d-4e5f-9db7-924c0934bb26 · outbound

This paper cites Synchronizatio n techniques for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) : A tutorial review,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Synchronizatio n techniques for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) : A tutorial review,

Reference 9

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.200026Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.812099Z digest=sha256:566e30d2830a34bab6aa519ee42085c3f6862cc9fe209e98d3608e9357185431

Observation 57837432-0633-4265-8f88-a6c83853797b · outbound

This paper cites D own- link synchronization for OTFS-based cellular systems in hi gh Doppler environments,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink D own- link synchronization for OTFS-based cellular systems in hi gh Doppler environments,

Reference 10

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.191535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.814968Z digest=sha256:a1569f434315ec4fc631e2e97a522c313ba02faab86ca579d96d999657e4288d

Observation f1c0cd9b-495a-4b5b-9a68-ec57a0488978 · outbound

This paper cites Primary synchronizat ion signal design and low-complexity detection for OTFS cellular syst ems,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Primary synchronizat ion signal design and low-complexity detection for OTFS cellular syst ems,

Reference 11

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.183922Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.817817Z digest=sha256:381423b70ff4e67ebc2d679cd65d2f2614ccc785a5730ef18f754c9a8c0ff07b

Observation 9cbb639e-21e2-487a-9976-82b0e085c4c5 · outbound

This paper cites Initial time syn chronization for OTFS,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Initial time syn chronization for OTFS,

Reference 12

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.175739Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.820566Z digest=sha256:6223418513b6f48572d67ccc3c8ff9fe0b17a3539f416f1fd5057813c3b38eb8

Observation 91ef2cb0-8187-4998-ac2c-6573493ed144 · outbound

This paper cites Coarse initial t ime synchro- nization for OTFS,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Coarse initial t ime synchro- nization for OTFS,

Reference 13

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.167558Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.823606Z digest=sha256:0157222f802ad5e46400bd2470d1a9b7d150aa4b44460b38c0bb573cc2b0c311

Observation 0d672c34-48fe-4ddf-aeb1-4acf664206a5 · outbound

This paper cites Pilot-Aided Joint Time Synchronization and Channel Estimation for OTFS.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Pilot-Aided Joint Time Synchronization and Channel Estimation for OTFS

Reference 14

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.911055Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.826347Z digest=sha256:08dce3daffa2a4c03f6b14db7d70fe578307502ee1391fd4bbd64833394ffe97

Observation 883a6da6-c547-47ee-8e50-0f575934fa9f · outbound

This paper cites Downlink carrier frequency offset estimation for OTFS-ba sed LEO satellite communication system,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Downlink carrier frequency offset estimation for OTFS-ba sed LEO satellite communication system,

Reference 15

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.159884Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.829464Z digest=sha256:504e7aab18805a649f65c03cd56b30a3c3b4eb88199279f58195eac363a8b9a1

Observation 6492b3cc-baa1-4fd4-b6b8-aebe221bddb2 · outbound

This paper cites Time and frequency synchroniz ation for OTFS,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Time and frequency synchroniz ation for OTFS,

Reference 16

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.061478Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.832230Z digest=sha256:d1e088e6528215304e282058654a778e89a05d48ab8b524abb5c1abf961b9cf4

Observation 16976e11-07a9-4475-8ead-b8bf2512362d · outbound

This paper cites Practical synchroni zation for OTFS,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Practical synchroni zation for OTFS,

Reference 17

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.053988Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.834889Z digest=sha256:17fe9cdb1274c6c4263cc3eeef9cf47ae3e805f32584e10598ac766088b63d99

Observation 729926cb-65da-4bf0-8cf7-c9c6af00ecbf · outbound

This paper cites Maximum-likelih ood syn- chronization and channel estimation for OFDMA uplink trans missions,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Maximum-likelih ood syn- chronization and channel estimation for OFDMA uplink trans missions,

Reference 18

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.046434Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.837591Z digest=sha256:60530136015aa24b762e3466d38bfb2c8a795734236eb83999b91de664eb779f

Observation 46fa8cfe-e79d-45a0-b58a-cd98dd8b61d3 · outbound

This paper cites Iterative dete ction and frequency synchronization for OFDMA uplink transmissions ,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Iterative dete ction and frequency synchronization for OFDMA uplink transmissions ,

Reference 19

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.038000Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.840311Z digest=sha256:473e46bc8ac4adb3aa96d4b532ec32fb8727763d8b1181503dd82e937e5401e0

Observation 1b78f979-c3de-48d4-bedc-e2b20cd2b75f · outbound

This paper cites OTFS based random access preamble transmission for high mo bility scenarios,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink OTFS based random access preamble transmission for high mo bility scenarios,

Reference 20

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.030324Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.842995Z digest=sha256:023c3cc67173c53b2bde94831a24539265d62a9160dfdc7f89978182c2d56272

Observation 4a37dd7e-23ff-46d7-abe3-62c6a0fd5899 · outbound

This paper cites SC-FDMA as a delay-Doppler dom ain modulation technique,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink SC-FDMA as a delay-Doppler dom ain modulation technique,

Reference 21

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.022893Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.845914Z digest=sha256:6508f09db333ef2b5ff7ebcf98f8429dc30dfc04226a6cb7fa4dad5d3c14ed3f

Observation 90796019-0392-4dc6-b674-c9225749a65c · outbound

This paper cites Multiple access in an orthogo nal time frequency space communication system,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Multiple access in an orthogo nal time frequency space communication system,

Reference 22

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.015272Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.848641Z digest=sha256:8dc147a8b10d6eeb8e0ef2cc90ea133971603c8b8ce5a5b0fc6b589a8c68ecb0

Observation a993cacd-f272-4d66-b9b3-ca99f09fbe66 · outbound

This paper cites Interleaved time -frequency multiple access using OTFS modulation,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Interleaved time -frequency multiple access using OTFS modulation,

Reference 23

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:56.007512Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.851348Z digest=sha256:8ab47089af2df16ad044d8570f17d56476f17d57e32c38d58166f3ecea06eb8a

Observation 4790519a-6a5c-4ade-a359-afcbf404f639 · outbound

This paper cites OTFS-based multip le-access in high Doppler and delay spread wireless channels,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink OTFS-based multip le-access in high Doppler and delay spread wireless channels,

Reference 24

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.999057Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.854056Z digest=sha256:9e7a9c3749f5f2b984dacf27b22d3608c0c6140e0201b85b424c30080fc7a764

Observation 8cd9524e-bc12-4da6-ae0d-9a1f7251dddb · outbound

This paper cites Spectral efficiency of OTFS based orthogonal multi ple access with rectangular pulses,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Spectral efficiency of OTFS based orthogonal multi ple access with rectangular pulses,

Reference 25

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.990758Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.856696Z digest=sha256:90f3960daa092c6c8676ec0a136d773271d347b5443ba69a69c6bada0a1aa5ab

Observation 5920c8cd-f2d3-495c-8936-49d5a601de5b · outbound

This paper cites Performanc e analysis of multi-user OTFS, OTSM, and single carrier in uplink,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Performanc e analysis of multi-user OTFS, OTSM, and single carrier in uplink,

Reference 26

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.982258Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.859442Z digest=sha256:f4c7223010fa9f7f8cb5cbd3052938760473dc9f017b7450333fafb2bef2fd90

Observation eee32079-b0c6-41e6-8961-9e80e70abcc2 · outbound

This paper cites A practical pilot for channel es timation of OTFS,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink A practical pilot for channel es timation of OTFS,

Reference 27

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.973667Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.862246Z digest=sha256:8e5bb265d494a9760be5033c265bc84f824712a3faf051dfefb1f30f5f8663fb

Observation c471227b-f9ed-4f01-9f96-803ded8ffb49 · outbound

This paper cites Orthogonal time frequency spa ce modu- lation,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Orthogonal time frequency spa ce modu- lation,

Reference 28

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.965528Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.865370Z digest=sha256:234f266bc80a67d28cb2820c9e8f6e3435449c2a70b2b43e9ac5d0a0e77324ff

Observation 77c433ad-093b-4079-bed3-78169bd50b08 · outbound

This paper cites 5G; system architecture for the 5G system (relea se 16),.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink 5G; system architecture for the 5G system (relea se 16),

Reference 29

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.956472Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.868799Z digest=sha256:6b85ead9e410fcd9ec94e799e0c5756e6dab158433b6fb313319c703d7e94486

Observation a26c66c2-cbff-41e4-9cbd-6b8611f660b6 · outbound

This paper cites Joint ML estimation of CFO an d channel, and a low complexity turbo equalization technique for high m obility OFDMA uplinks,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Joint ML estimation of CFO an d channel, and a low complexity turbo equalization technique for high m obility OFDMA uplinks,

Reference 30

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.947819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.871831Z digest=sha256:75c52c496cd54b5e2dd0de4eb93a777abb030974eaf69463346eb24fab81304b

Observation 49cf5465-da7f-4f06-828b-768598f7163f · outbound

This paper cites Evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E- UTRA); base station (BS) radio transmission and reception,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E- UTRA); base station (BS) radio transmission and reception,

Reference 31

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.938922Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.874304Z digest=sha256:dba1f3120c2dfc0dc6ce785975bbe6d56b2b976e8f87d4bd1f597c73e8347137

Observation c3450024-e6f5-4b4d-8ca2-1ccabac93876 · outbound

This paper cites LTE; 5G; study on channel model for frequency spect rum above 6 GHz (release 14),.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink LTE; 5G; study on channel model for frequency spect rum above 6 GHz (release 14),

Reference 32

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.929526Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.876741Z digest=sha256:d812f22709dbaeafc80e6d16f2a80c082a67c06703b8a2eb488f9ce34751eeea

Observation a17475cf-a755-45e9-9bc8-98bb1078629a · outbound

This paper cites Spatial correl ation for general distributions of scatterers,.

Time and Frequency Synchronization for Multiuser OTFS in Uplink Spatial correl ation for general distributions of scatterers,

Reference 33

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T14:45:55.920239Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T14:45:55.879237Z digest=sha256:f7d7a88052bad4cce71324a9bdb20278e6be3b34fe5529fe9fdfe610dd7bfa21

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.