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Toward Satisfiability Modulo Realizability

T0 review · 0 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-07-12 · grok-4.5

Pith's one-line read The largest set of points with no empty convex hexagon and no convex heptagon has size exactly 23.

desk verdict They settle h(6,7)=24 with an explicit 23-point integer witness and a reusable SAT+Localizer pipeline whose flippability heuristic is the real novelty. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.02958 v1 pith:YAMJB4QG submitted 2026-07-03 cs.CG math.CO

classification cs.CGmath.CO MSC 52C1068Q17
keywords discretegeometrySATsolvingordertypesrealizabilityhappyendingproblemexistentialtheoryoftherealsPointflippability
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Many problems in discrete geometry are complete for the existential theory of the reals, so exact encodings are hard for SAT. This paper introduces satisfiability modulo realizability: encode an under-approximation of the geometry as a SAT problem over abstract order types, then guide a search toward the rare realizable ones. Diversity sampling, feedback from partial realizations, and a flippability heuristic (omitting orientation variables that can flip while remaining abstractly feasible) make the search succeed where naive enumeration fails. The method settles an open case of the happy-ending problem by constructing thousands of 23-point sets with neither a 6-hole nor a 7-gon, matching a prior upper bound of 24. A reader cares because the same pipeline recovers known constructions for related problems without any problem-specific geometric code, showing a practical route for computer-assisted discovery beyond pure SAT.

What carries the argument

Satisfiability modulo realizability (PointSAT): SAT encoding of geometric constraints over abstract order types, diversity-driven generation of abstract solutions, omission of flippable orientation constraints, and Localizer search for (partial) realizations that are then re-checked for combinatorial validity.

What would settle it

Independent verification that the published 23-point integer configuration actually contains a 6-hole or a 7-gon, or discovery of any 24-point set that avoids both.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The largest point set in the plane in general position that contains neither an empty convex hexagon nor a convex heptagon has size 23 (hence h(6,7)=24). The claim is witnessed by an explicit integer-coordinate configuration of 23 points and by more than a thousand additional realizations produced by the PointSAT solver; the matching upper bound of 24 was already known.

Load-bearing premise

Dropping the flippable orientations and accepting imperfect partial realizations still produces combinatorially valid geometric solutions often enough for the search to succeed.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • h(6,7) is settled at 24 with an explicit construction of size 23.
  • The same pipeline recovers known constructions for 26 points without 5-caps or 7-gons and for 29 points without 6-holes, without specialized geometric primitives.
  • Many orientation constraints in these geometric solutions are non-critical and can be safely omitted during realization search.
  • Generating many diverse realizations becomes practical, enabling selection of visually clean integer embeddings.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The flippability observation may transfer to other combinatorial configuration spaces that admit SAT under-approximations.
  • Hybrid SAT-plus-local-search pipelines of this form could be tried on further open existential-theory-of-the-reals problems whose combinatorial skeletons encode cleanly.
  • The scarcity of flippable orientations on larger instances (e.g., 32 points) already signals a scaling barrier that future heuristics will need to address.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

0 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper introduces PointSAT, a SAT-based framework (satisfiability modulo realizability) for finding realizable point configurations in the plane that satisfy combinatorial constraints expressible via abstract order types. It encodes an underapproximation of the geometric problem as a SAT instance over orientation variables, then uses diversity-driven sampling of abstract solutions (via clause scrambling), partial-realization feedback from the Localizer local-search tool, and a novel flippability heuristic that drops orientation constraints corresponding to flippable variables before calling Localizer. The method is applied to variants of the Erdős–Szekeres happy-ending problem; the central result is Theorem 1, which states that the largest set of points in general position with no 6-hole and no 7-gon has size 23 (hence h(6,7)=24), witnessed by an explicit integer-coordinate configuration of 23 points (Figure 1) together with more than a thousand additional realizations. Supporting experiments recover known constructions (26 points with no 5-cap or 7-gon; 29 points with no 6-hole) and include ablations (Table 1) and statistics on flippable orientations and violation counts.

Significance. If the explicit 23-point witness is correct (which can be verified independently by computing orientations), the paper settles the last nontrivial case of h(k,ℓ) for k≤6, closing an open question left by Heule & Scheucher. Beyond the concrete theorem, the work supplies a reusable, publicly available pipeline that systematically searches for realizable order types on problems whose naïve SAT encodings produce overwhelmingly unrealizable abstract solutions. The three heuristics—especially the empirically motivated flippability omission—are shown by ablation to be essential for obtaining any solutions, and the same pipeline recovers previously known constructions without problem-specific algorithms. This constitutes a genuine advance in computer-assisted discrete geometry for ∃ℝ-complete problems and demonstrates that SMT-style interfacing can resolve open existence questions in pure mathematics.

minor comments (5)
  1. Section 4.2 heading contains a typographical space (“T esting”); similar minor OCR/spacing artifacts appear elsewhere and should be cleaned.
  2. Figure 3 and Figures 4–7 would benefit from explicit axis labels and a short caption note clarifying that the top-percentile outliers have already been removed (as stated in the footnote).
  3. The description of how flippable variables are identified (Section 4.3) is clear, but a one-sentence remark on the computational cost of the flip checks (relative to the subsequent Localizer calls) would help readers gauge practicality for larger n.
  4. Table 2 lists many hull-layer signatures; a brief remark on whether any of the rare signatures that appear only among abstract solutions (never among realized ones) can be ruled out a priori would strengthen the discussion of Theorem 2.
  5. The integer-grid post-processing pipeline that produced Figure 1 is described only at a high level; a short pseudocode or reference to the annealing scripts would improve reproducibility of the “pretty” drawing.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: Theorem 1 is an existence claim witnessed by an explicit, independently checkable 23-point configuration; the matching upper bound and the SAT/Localizer tools are external inputs, not self-definitions of the result.

full rationale

The paper's central claim (Theorem 1 / h(6,7)=24) is settled by two independent pieces: (i) the already-published upper bound h(6,7)≤24 of Heule & Scheucher, and (ii) an explicit integer-coordinate 23-point set (Figure 1) whose orientations can be verified by direct computation to contain neither a 6-hole nor a 7-gon. The SAT encoding of abstract order types, the order-type axioms, and the combinatorial definitions of holes/gons/caps are standard and do not encode the target size. Diversity sampling, partial-realization checking, and the flippability heuristic are search heuristics that improve the frequency with which Localizer returns a usable witness; they are not parameters fitted to force size 23, nor do they redefine realizability. Self-citations to Localizer and to the prior upper-bound paper supply a theory solver and a matching bound; neither is a uniqueness theorem that forbids alternatives, nor an ansatz that smuggles the construction into the premises. Ablations (Table 1) and recovery of known constructions further corroborate the pipeline but are not required once a concrete, checkable witness exists. Consequently the derivation chain does not reduce by construction to its own inputs.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 2 invented entities

The existence claim rests on standard combinatorial axioms of order types, the correctness of the SAT encoding of holes and gons (imported from prior work), and the empirical reliability of Localizer plus the three new heuristics. No free parameters are fitted to produce the size-23 witness; timeouts and sampling budgets affect only the rate at which solutions are found, not the validity of any found solution.

free parameters (2)
  • Localizer timeout = 15 seconds
    Fixed at 15 s per abstract solution; chosen for throughput, not fitted to force existence.
  • number of abstract solutions sampled = ~174k–200k
    Hundreds of thousands generated on a supercomputer; larger budgets simply increase the chance of finding a realization, they do not alter the combinatorial claim.
assumptions (4)
  • standard math Order-type axioms (signotope axioms) correctly under-approximate realizable orientations of point sets in general position.
    Standard since Goodman–Pollack / Knuth; used throughout Sections 3–4.
  • domain assumption The SAT encoding of k-holes, ℓ-gons and k-caps given by Heule–Scheucher is sound and complete for abstract order types.
    Imported from the cited TACAS 2024 paper; correctness of the encoding is assumed rather than re-proved.
  • domain assumption Localizer returns a realization (or a useful partial realization) with non-negligible frequency whenever the input abstract order type is realizable.
    Empirical claim about the prior local-search tool; the whole pipeline’s success rate depends on it.
  • ad hoc to paper Omitting flippable orientation variables does not systematically destroy all realizable solutions of the geometric problem.
    The novel heuristic of Section 4.3; justified only by the experimental observation that ~90 % of the resulting partial realizations remain solutions.
invented entities (2)
  • satisfiability modulo realizability (PointSAT architecture)
    purpose: Interface a SAT solver with a realizability oracle while exchanging only limited information (diversity samples, partial realizations, flippable literals).
    New algorithmic paradigm introduced in the paper; no independent prior definition.
  • flippability heuristic
    purpose: Identify orientation variables that can be flipped while preserving SAT satisfaction and drop the corresponding constraints before calling Localizer.
    Core novel technique of Section 4.3; its utility is demonstrated only inside the experiments of this paper.

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Pith. "Pith review of Toward Satisfiability Modulo Realizability." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/YAMJB4QG

@misc{pith2026260702958,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Toward Satisfiability Modulo Realizability},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/YAMJB4QG}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.02958}
}
abstract

Problems complete for the existential theory of the reals ($\exists \mathbb{R}$) arise throughout discrete geometry. We introduce satisfiability modulo realizability, a SAT-based approach for solving satisfiable instances of $\exists \mathbb{R}$ whose solutions correspond to realizable geometric configurations. Our method encodes an underapproximation of a geometric problem as a SAT instance over abstract order types. Since almost all abstract order types are unrealizable, naive search is infeasible. We guide the search toward realizable order types using diversity-driven sampling, partial realizability feedback, and a novel flippability heuristic that passes only limited information between components. We apply our method to discrete geometry problems and resolve an open problem by showing that the largest set of points avoiding empty convex hexagons and convex heptagons is of size 23.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.02958 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. A set of 23 points with no 6-hole or 7-gon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. A 5-cap Let a k-cap be a sequence of points p1, . . . , pk with increasing x-coordinates such that pi+2 lies below the line from pi to pi+1 for all i ∈ [k − 2]. PointSAT can find a set of 26 points with no 5-cap or 7-gon. The existence of such a set follows from a theorem of Erdős, Tuza, and Valtr [12], al￾though PointSAT works without relying on any problem-specific knowledge. PointSAT can also find a set of 29 poi… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Distribution of number of violations in the best partial realizations [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (4 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Number of flippable orientations [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Number of violations applied to study small cases of the Williamson conjecture [5], a problem from design theory, and to improve the bounds on the minimum Kochen–Specker prob￾lem [28], a problem from quantum mechanics. Another SMT-style paradigm is satisfiability modul…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Probability of being a solution versus number of violations [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Proportion of solutions with a given number of violations [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_7.png]

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