Griffiths phases in structurally disordered CeRhSn: Experimental evidence and theoretical modeling

Andrzej \'Slebarski; Maciej M. Ma\'ska

REVIEW 4 major objections 6 minor 55 references

Griffiths phases in structurally disordered CeRhSn: Experimental evidence and theoretical modeling

T0 review · 4 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read CeRhSn exhibits two distinct Griffiths phases controlled by structural disorder.

desk verdict Solid new data on CeRhSn, but the classical-vs-quantum Griffiths split rests on a fragile two-slope fit with no error bars and an inconsistent exponent. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.04312 v1 pith:Z23QRMUW submitted 2025-06-04 cond-mat.str-el

Andrzej Ślebarski , Maciej M. Maśka This is my paper

classification cond-mat.str-el PACS 71.10.Hf71.27.+a75.20.Hr61.43.-j64.70.Tg

keywords Griffithsphasequantumnon-FermiliquidstructuraldisorderCeRhSnKondolatticemagneticsusceptibilityspecificheat

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper argues that the Kondo-lattice metal CeRhSn, in its polycrystalline form, is a concrete example of a disorder-driven Griffiths phase. Structural defects create dilute ferromagnetic clusters that coexist with a globally paramagnetic bulk, producing power-law magnetic susceptibility and specific heat rather than conventional Fermi-liquid behavior. The authors identify a classical Griffiths phase below an onset temperature of about 220 K and a quantum Griffiths phase with non-Fermi-liquid behavior below about 6 K, and they propose a magnetic phase diagram for this material. If the interpretation holds, CeRhSn shows how structural disorder, rather than doping or pressure, can tune a strongly correlated metal near quantum criticality.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the Griffiths power law, $\chi^{-1} \propto (T - T_C^g)^{(1-\lambda)}$ with $0<\lambda<1$, used to extract the Griffiths exponent from the log-log slope of inverse susceptibility. A second piece of machinery is the toy model: a fixed number of elementary moments of size $s$ form ferromagnetic clusters with a power-law size distribution $n(J) \propto J^{-a}$, which converts the observed steep increase of $\chi(T)$ below the onset temperature into an estimate of the average cluster size $\bar{n}$. The model shows that even a tiny admixture of small clusters can enlarge the susceptibility substantially, because the ratio of zeta functions $\zeta(a-2)/\zeta(a-1)$ diverges as $a \to 3^+$.

What would settle it

A decisive test would be to measure the dc susceptibility of a high-quality single crystal of CeRhSn with reduced structural disorder down to millikelvin temperatures, and check whether the two-slope feature in $\log(\chi^{-1})$ versus $\log(T/T_C^g - 1)$ persists. If the low-temperature slope change disappears or the exponent $\lambda$ extracted from susceptibility and specific heat disagree in the $T<6$ K region, the claimed classical-to-quantum Griffiths transition is falsified.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that CeRhSn hosts a Griffiths phase over a wide temperature range. Below $T_G \sim 220$ K the inverse magnetic susceptibility follows $\chi^{-1} \propto (T - T_C^g)^{(1-\lambda)}$ with $\lambda \approx 0.45$, and the specific heat and susceptibility show power-law divergences with exponent $n \approx 0.4$; such singularities are the fingerprint of diluted magnetic clusters whose slow dynamics dominate the thermodynamic response. The paper further divides the Griffiths regime into a classical part above $T_Q \sim 6$ K and a quantum Griffiths phase below it, where non-Fermi-liquid behavior persists down to the lowest measured temperatures. These conclusions are supported by dc and ac susceptibility, magnetization relaxation, specific heat, and a toy model in which the susceptibility increase below $T_G$ is produced by a small number of small ferromagnetic clusters.

Load-bearing premise

The two-regime picture rests on the claim that the log-log plot of inverse susceptibility versus the reduced temperature shows two straight segments with different slopes; if that slope change is not real, the separate classical and quantum Griffiths phases collapse into one, even though the overall Griffiths scenario could survive.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

The slope change in the log-log plot of $\chi^{-1}$ versus $(T/T_C^g - 1)$ is proposed as a criterion for distinguishing classical from quantum Griffiths phases in other strongly correlated disordered systems.
Below $T_Q \sim 6$ K, CeRhSn is predicted to show non-Fermi-liquid power laws $\chi \sim T^{-n}$ and $C/T \sim T^{-n}$ with $n \approx 0.4$ down to the lowest temperatures, before possible metamagnetic crossover sets in.
The cluster spin-glass freezing near $T_{CG} \sim 35$ K is interpreted as the freezing of rare magnetic regions, consistent with the Griffiths scenario.
Applied magnetic fields above roughly 1 T suppress the Griffiths singularity, revealing the finite size of the magnetic clusters.
The phase diagram resembles the general theoretical picture for magnetic quantum phase transitions in disordered metals, with a quantum Griffiths phase and an infinite-randomness quantum critical point.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The two-slope criterion, if borne out in other materials, would give experimenters a simple bulk probe to separate classical and quantum Griffiths regimes without needing microscopic imaging.
The toy model's conclusion that large susceptibility changes require only a small population of small clusters suggests that local probes resolving clusters of a few spins, rather than large ferromagnetic domains, are the right experimental target.
A direct extension would be to apply the same analysis to single crystals of CeRhSn with controlled disorder levels; one testable prediction is that the classical-to-quantum crossover temperature $T_Q$ shifts systematically with defect concentration.
The paper leaves open whether the quantum Griffiths phase and the frustration-induced quantum criticality claimed at millikelvin temperatures are the same phenomenon or two competing low-energy states; that question could be settled by tuning disorder in a controlled way.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Colleague,

The paper is more solid than the abstract makes it sound. The new experimental work—frequency-dependent ac susceptibility, field-dependent heat capacity, and isothermal remanent magnetization on a well-characterized polycrystalline sample—is a genuine addition to the CeRhSn story. The authors also flag the Apiezon N grease problem honestly and decline to interpret the ambiguous ~240 K anomaly, which is the right call. The toy model connecting a power-law cluster-size distribution to the susceptibility enhancement below 230 K is simple and, as a descriptive tool, it works: it shows that even a small admixture of small clusters can produce the observed upturn. That part is fine.

The soft spot is the central dichotomy. The claim that there is a classical Griffiths phase below T_G ~ 220 K and a separate quantum Griffiths phase below T_Q ~ 6 K rests almost entirely on the two-slope fit in Fig. 5(b). That fit has no error bars, the fitted T_g^C = 0.8 K lies below the lowest measured temperature, and the functional form used is the classical one, χ^{-1} ∝ (T - T_g^C)^{1-λ}, which is not the quantum Griffiths prediction (χ ∝ T^{λ-1}). On top of that, the λ = 0.45 from that fit does not match the paper's own low-temperature χ(T) inset, which gives χ ∝ T^{-0.38} and hence λ ≈ 0.62. So the evidence for a sharp crossover at T_Q is weak. If that slope change is not robust, the classical/quantum distinction collapses—though the broader Griffiths scenario, which has prior support, may still survive.

The toy model does not rescue the dichotomy. It extracts a(T) from the same χ(T) used to define the regimes, so the cluster-size "prediction" is circular with respect to the crossover. That is a real limitation, not a fatal one, because the model is explicitly a data-description device.

Verdict: this deserves a serious referee, but the referee should insist on error propagation on the fits, a proper quantum Griffiths functional form, and ideally a model-independent check of the cluster picture (e.g., magnetic field dependence of the relaxation or a scaling collapse). As it stands, the paper is a useful experimental contribution with an overinterpreted phase diagram.

Recommendation: send to peer review, conditional on major revision.

Referee Report

4 major / 6 minor

Summary. The paper reports a combined experimental and modeling study of polycrystalline CeRhSn, arguing that structural disorder produces dilute ferromagnetic clusters whose slow dynamics generate Griffiths-phase singularities. The central claim is that CeRhSn exhibits a classical Griffiths phase below T_G ≈ 220 K and a quantum Griffiths phase with non-Fermi-liquid behavior below T_Q ≈ 6 K, based on dc/ac susceptibility, specific heat, and isothermal remnant magnetization measurements, supported by a toy model of a power-law cluster-size distribution. The paper proposes a magnetic phase diagram in the spirit of Vojta's scenario and contrasts the Griffiths interpretation with frustration-induced quantum criticality proposed previously for the same material.

Significance. If the central claim holds, CeRhSn becomes a concrete, well-characterized example of a structurally disordered Kondo lattice in which classical and quantum Griffiths regimes can be distinguished in a single material. The paper has real strengths: it combines several complementary probes (XRD, STM, dc/ac susceptibility, specific heat, magnetization relaxation), documents the field dependence and downward curvature of the inverse susceptibility that are hallmarks of Griffiths singularities, and presents an explicit analytic toy model. However, the incremental claim beyond prior work on CeRhSn is the classical-to-quantum Griffiths split, and the evidence for that split is fragile: it rests on a two-slope fit in Fig. 5(b) with an extrapolated critical temperature and no reported uncertainties. The toy model, while transparent, extracts its central quantity a(T) from the very susceptibility data used to define the regimes, so it does not independently corroborate the dichotomy.

major comments (4)

[Sec. IV.A, Fig. 5(b)] The distinction between a classical Griffiths phase below T_G ≈ 220 K and a quantum Griffiths phase below T_Q ≈ 6 K rests entirely on the claim that log(χ⁻¹) versus log(T/T_g^C − 1) exhibits two linear regimes with different slopes for T_g^C = 0.8 K and λ = 0.45. No uncertainties are reported for these fit parameters, and T_g^C = 0.8 K lies below the lowest measured temperature of 1.8 K, so the singularity is an extrapolation. The manuscript should provide error bars, a sensitivity analysis with respect to the fitted temperature range and to the choice of T_g^C, and ideally a comparison of the two-regime fit against a single-power-law fit over the entire T < T_G range.
[Fig. 3(b) inset versus Fig. 5(b)] There is an internal inconsistency in the quoted Griffiths exponent. The inset of Fig. 3(b) reports χ ∼ T^(−0.38) at B = 1 T, which would correspond to λ ≈ 0.62 if one uses the quantum Griffiths form χ ∼ T^(λ−1). Figure 5(b), on the other hand, uses the classical form χ⁻¹ ∼ (T − T_g^C)^(1−λ) and reports λ = 0.45 at B = 0.5 T. The manuscript does not reconcile these values or discuss whether λ is expected to be field-dependent. Since the quantum Griffiths prediction is χ ∼ T^(λ−1), not χ⁻¹ ∼ (T − T_g^C)^(1−λ), the slope change in Fig. 5(b) does not by itself establish a classical-to-quantum crossover unless the functional form appropriate to each regime is separately fitted and the resulting exponents are shown to be consistent.
[Sec. IV.B, Eqs. (13) and (14)] The toy model's central 'prediction', the average cluster size n̄(T) in Eq. (14), is computed from a(T), which is extracted from the measured susceptibility χ(T) via Eq. (13). This is not an independent test of the Griffiths scenario; it is a re-parameterization of the input data. Moreover, the model assumes a power-law cluster-size distribution n(J) ∝ J^(−a) without microscopic justification, and the series convergence constraint a > 3 is imposed by the choice of distribution. The manuscript should state explicitly that the model is illustrative rather than predictive, and should ideally confront n̄(T) with an independent estimate (e.g., from the field dependence of χ or from STM-derived cluster sizes) before using the model to support the existence of a distinct quantum Griffiths regime.
[Sec. IV.A and Fig. 7] The interpretation of the low-temperature feature near T ≈ 5.5–6 K in C/T and in χ″ as the boundary between classical and quantum Griffiths phases is under-supported. The authors themselves note that this feature is not typical of a glassy transition and that ac susceptibility does not show a characteristic frequency dependence at this temperature. Given that the quantum Griffiths phase is characterized by power laws rather than by a thermodynamic anomaly, the manuscript should either provide a quantitative argument for why a crossover at T_Q produces this feature or soften the claim that T_Q is marked by the observed anomaly. Otherwise, the assignment of T_Q ≈ 6 K appears to rely on a qualitative feature that could have a more mundane origin.

minor comments (6)

[Abstract and Sec. I] The abstract contains an unusual phrase, 'Our report paves the way for insight into a structural disorder', which is not idiomatic and should be revised for clarity and professional tone.
[Fig. 3 and Fig. 5] The power-law fits shown in Fig. 3(b), its inset, and Fig. 5(b) do not include uncertainty bands or residual plots; adding these would allow readers to assess the quality of the fits, especially where the two-slope claim is made.
[Sec. II] The discussion of prior work on CeRhSn is thorough, but the text repeats the sentence about power laws confirmed for single-crystalline CeRhSn (the sentence appears twice in close succession); one instance should be deleted.
[Sec. III and Fig. 7] The manuscript acknowledges that the Apiezon N grease contributes to the specific heat anomaly near 230 K and states that this contribution is subtracted, but the subtraction procedure and its accuracy are not described. A brief description or a reference to the method used for subtraction would strengthen confidence in the ∆C and ∆S analyses.
[Sec. IV.B] The notation for the elementary moment s and the total cluster moment J = i s is clear, but the transition from Eq. (10) to Eq. (11) would benefit from an intermediate step showing the zeta-function identities, since the convergence condition a > 3 is central to the model.
[References] Reference [28] (Tokiwa et al.) is cited as the source of the frustration-induced quantum criticality scenario, but the manuscript does not always distinguish clearly between the authors' own prior results and those of Tokiwa et al.; a few sentences in Sec. II would profit from more explicit attribution.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 6.0 of 10

The toy model's central output — the average cluster size n̄(T) — is extracted from the measured susceptibility via Eq. (13) and then reported as a prediction, so the model does not independently support the Griffiths scenario; the experimental Griffiths-phase evidence itself is real but independent.

fitted input called prediction [Sec. IV B, Eqs. (13)-(14), Fig. 9]
"By measuring the ratio on the left-hand side of Eq. (13) one can determine the exponent a(T), which allows calculating the temperature dependence of the average number of elementary moments in a cluster as the ratio of the average cluster moment to s, that is, ¯n(T) = ζ(a−1)/ζ(a)."

Equation (13) equates the measured susceptibility ratio to a function of a(T); the paper then uses that measured ratio to determine a(T). Equation (14) defines n̄(T) as a deterministic function of a(T). Therefore the 'predicted' cluster growth curve in Fig. 9(b) is nothing but a reparameterization of the same χ(T) fed into Eq. (13). It cannot be counted as an independent model prediction or as independent support for the Griffiths scenario; it is a fit of the input data presented as a calculated result.

full rationale

The central experimental claim — power-law χ, C/T, and magnetization, field-dependent inverse susceptibility, and slow relaxation — is based on direct measurements and is not circular. The two-regime classical/quantum Griffiths split is a data interpretation and is not definitionally forced. The only load-bearing step that reduces by construction is the toy-model 'prediction' of cluster size: a(T) is inverted from measured χ(T) and n̄(T) follows algebraically, so Fig. 9 is a fit reported as a prediction. Self-citations to prior NFL power laws are not load-bearing because independent single-crystal data and new measurements are also presented. Overall, the circularity is partial, so the score is 6.

Assumptions & free parameters 6 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 1 invented entities

The toy model introduces a temperature-dependent exponent a(T) and an onset temperature T0 as free parameters, and the Griffiths phase scenario relies on the assumed power-law cluster distribution. The phase diagram temperatures are extracted from the same data they organize, so the ledger contains several fitted parameters and one ad hoc distributional assumption. No fundamentally new entity beyond the standard rare-region picture is introduced.

free parameters (6)

a(T) = varies with T; saturates near 3.01
Exponent in the assumed cluster-size distribution n(J) ∝ J^{-a}, determined from the measured susceptibility via Eq. (13). This is an infinite-dimensional fitted function.
T0 = 230 K
Onset temperature for cluster formation, chosen from the experimental susceptibility and used in the toy model.
s = 1/2
Elementary magnetic moment magnitude, assumed to be electron spin; the paper notes it could be larger but uses 1/2 for the demonstration.
T_g^C = 0.8 K
Critical temperature of random ferromagnetism, fitted from the inverse susceptibility data in Fig. 5(b).
lambda = 0.45
Griffiths exponent fitted from the power-law fit χ^{-1} ∝ (T - T_g^C)^{1-λ}.
low-T exponents = n = 0.38 (χ), n = 0.4 (C/T), 0.65 (M vs B), alpha = 7.9e-3 (relaxation)
Several power-law exponents extracted by fitting the experimental data; no error bars are reported.

assumptions (4)

standard math The magnetic response is described by Brillouin function for independent clusters in the high-temperature limit.
Used in Eq. (1) of the toy model; standard statistical mechanics for paramagnets.
ad hoc to paper The cluster-size distribution is assumed to be a power law, n(J) ∝ J^{-a}.
Eq. (7). This form is chosen to make the divergence in susceptibility arise naturally, but it is not derived from the microscopic physics.
domain assumption The exponent a(T) remains greater than 3 for all temperatures considered.
Needed for convergence of the sums in Eqs. (10)-(11); the paper argues this holds because the ratio ζ(a-2)/ζ(a-1) diverges as a→3, but this is a property of the assumed distribution, not an empirical fact.
domain assumption The clusters are non-interacting below T0.
The model sums independent cluster contributions; interactions are only invoked phenomenologically to explain the decrease in χ below T_I, outside the model.

invented entities (1)

Dilute magnetic clusters (or rare regions)
purpose: Explains the increase in susceptibility below T_G and the power-law singularities at low temperature.
These clusters are the standard Griffiths-phase rare regions; they are not directly observed with a microscopic probe. The paper infers their presence from susceptibility and relaxation data, and the toy model reconstructs their size distribution from the same data.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Griffiths phases in structurally disordered CeRhSn: Experimental evidence and theoretical modeling." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/Z23QRMUW

@misc{pith2026250604312,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Griffiths phases in structurally disordered CeRhSn: Experimental evidence and theoretical modeling},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/Z23QRMUW}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.04312}
}

abstract

Our report paves the way for insight into a structural disorder and its impact on the physical properties of strongly correlated electron systems (SCESs). In a critical regime, each perturbation, e.g., disorder due to structural defects or doping, can have a significant effect on the nature of the quantum macrostate of these materials. For a select group of SCESs, we have empirically documented the Griffiths singularity, as exemplified by CeRhSn, which exhibits non-Fermi-liquid characteristics in susceptibility and specific heat. Our numerical analysis has supported the Griffiths phase scenario for CeRhSn and has revealed that its dc magnetic susceptibility is strongly dependent on the size of inhomogeneous magnetic particles that form in these materials. In the presence of strong disorder, we have proposed a magnetic phase diagram for CeRhSn. The classical Griffiths phase has been identified in the temperature range below the onset temperature of $T_G$ ~ 220 K, while the quantum Griffiths phase with non-Fermi liquid behavior emerges below the quantum critical temperature of $T_Q$ ~ 6 K. The phase diagram developed in this study bears notable similarities to the scenario previously proposed by Vojta for magnetic quantum phase transitions in disordered metals.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.04312 by the authors.

**Figure 1.** FIG. 1. Observed (black points) and calculated (red line) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** FIG. 4. Temperature (log scale) dependence of the real [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_4.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (7 more)

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a) The dc magnetic susceptibility vs. temperature [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: FIG. 5. (a) Temperature dependence of the inverse dc sus [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: FIG. 6. Time dependent remnant magnetization [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_6.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: FIG. 7. Temperature dependence of the specific heat [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_7.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: FIG. 8. Temperature variation of magnetic entropy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: FIG. 9. (a) The blue line shows the temperature dependence [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_9.png]

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: FIG. 10. Interpretation of the underlying microscopic states [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_10.png]

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