AT 2024qfm: a luminous fast blue optical transient at a redshift of z = 0.2267 identified by Lasair-ZTF

A. Lawrence; C. C. Lin; C.-H. Lai; C. R. Angus; D. R. Young; G. S. H. Paek; J. H. Gillanders; J. W. Tweddle; K. Auchettl; K. C. Chambers

REVIEW 2 major objections 5 minor 300 references

AT 2024qfm: a luminous fast blue optical transient at a redshift of z = 0.2267 identified by Lasair-ZTF

T0 review · 2 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read AT 2024qfm is a luminous fast blue optical transient at z=0.2267 that closely matches AT 2018cow, and a flux-gradient alert filter found it in the ZTF alert stream.

desk verdict A solid, useful LFBOT discovery paper with a real K-correction sign error that inflates the peak absolute magnitude by half a magnitude and needs fixing before publication. read the letter →

arxiv 2608.13003 v1 pith:ZBNHFRJA submitted 2026-08-13 astro-ph.HE

M. Fulton , S. J. Smartt , S. Srivastav , J. H. Gillanders , J. W. Tweddle , M. E. Huber , M. Nicholl , C. R. Angus

show 15 more authors

K. W. Smith K. C. Chambers A. Lawrence R. Williams D. R. Young K. Auchettl T. de Boer T.-W. Chen C.-H. Lai C. C. Lin G. S. H. Paek M. Pursiainen S. I. Raimundo R. Wainscoat S. Yang

This is my paper · ORCID

classification astro-ph.HE

keywords LFBOTfastblueopticaltransientAT2024qfmZwickyFacilityLasairbrokeralert-streamfiltering2018cowLSST

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

AT 2024qfm is a new member of the small, rare class of luminous fast blue optical transients (LFBOTs), objects that brighten and fade within days, stay blue and featureless in the optical, and outshine normal supernovae at peak. The paper makes the case that this transient, at redshift z=0.2267, is observationally almost identical to the class prototype AT 2018cow: similar peak absolute magnitude (M_g≈-21), similar rapid ~13-day decline, and a blue featureless spectrum near peak. It also demonstrates a practical path to finding more such events: a custom annotator running on the Lasair broker flags candidates by their large flux gradients and blue colour in the Zwicky Transient Facility alert stream. With the coming Rubin Observatory LSST, the same approach could expand the search volume tenfold and yield roughly one LFBOT per month, provided the fast evolution can be caught early enough for follow-up.

What carries the argument

The central object is the FastFinder annotator running on the Lasair broker: real-time code that scores ZTF alerts by the gradient of their brightness over time (both rise and decline) and by colour, flagging a fast decline (dg/dt = 0.37±0.14 mag $d^{-1}$) and blue colour as the signatures of an LFBOT. This, together with the observational signature of LFBOTs defined by AT 2018cow—rapid rise and decline on few-day timescales, blue featureless continuum, and peak M_g≈-21—carries the argument: the match of AT 2024qfm's multi-band lightcurve and spectra to AT 2018cow places it unambiguously in the class. The host-galaxy redshift from narrow nebular lines provides the distance scale that converts apparent to absolute magnitude.

What would settle it

Take a spatially resolved spectrum of the host across the transient position: if the narrow nebular lines at the transient are not at the same systemic velocity as the host, or come from a background galaxy, the redshift association—and with it the absolute magnitude and LFBOT classification—breaks.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper establishes that AT 2024qfm is an LFBOT: its rise and decline are confined to a few days, its spectrum near peak is blue and largely featureless, and its peak luminosity M_g = -21.0 places it with the most luminous members of the class. Multi-band photometry from ZTF, ATLAS, Pan-STARRS, LOT, LT, and Swift, plus Gemini and NOT spectroscopy, show the transient fading at dg/dt≈0.3 mag $d^{-1}$ and remaining blue (g-r≈-0.3) throughout. The spectra contain only narrow host-galaxy emission lines at a common redshift z=0.2267±0.0002, offset by 1.1 arcsec from the host centre, with lines extending to the transient position. Comparing rest-frame ugri lightcurves, the colour evolution and inferred temperature track AT 2018cow and AT 2020xnd almost exactly, making it a near twin of AT 2018cow. The discovery also serves as a proof of concept for the FastFinder alert-stream annotator, which flagged the source on the basis of its decline rate and blue colour.

Load-bearing premise

The transient is assumed to be at the redshift of its host galaxy (z=0.2267), derived from narrow nebular emission lines that extend to the transient position; if AT 2024qfm is not physically associated with this host, its derived absolute magnitude and LFBOT classification would be invalid.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Adds a fully characterised LFBOT at z=0.2267 to the still-small sample, confirming that LFBOT host offsets span a wide range and that host properties can include an old stellar population.
Demonstrates that a simple flux-gradient plus colour filter on a public alert stream can recover fast-evolving transients in real time, a method directly transferable to LSST.
If AT 2024kth is confirmed spectroscopically as an LFBOT, the two FastFinder discoveries would raise the ZTF-derived LFBOT rate by about 66 percent.
With LSST's depth, the same approach could detect LFBOTs out to z≈0.8, a survey volume roughly ten times larger than ZTF's, potentially finding about one per month.
The main bottleneck is latency: spectroscopic confirmation and multi-wavelength follow-up must happen within days, which will be challenging with LSST's inter-night cadence.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the near-identical match to AT 2018cow extends to X-ray and radio wavelengths, then models proposed for AT 2018cow—such as a central engine or a tidal disruption event—would apply to AT 2024qfm as well, strengthening the case for a common physical origin across the class.
The host's relatively old stellar population (mass-weighted age about 7 Gyr) and its projected offset of about 4 kpc suggest LFBOT progenitors can arise from older, lower-mass environments than typical core-collapse supernovae, potentially widening the search for progenitor channels.
Optimising the FastFinder thresholds and incorporating a second-epoch confirmation directly into the alert stream could cut the current five-day latency between first detection and spectroscopic classification, improving the odds of catching the next such event early enough for multi-wavelength campaigns.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Fulton et al. report AT 2024qfm, a new LFBOT at z=0.2267, found through the FastFinder annotator on Lasair-ZTF. That is the real news here: a fast-transient discovery method that could plausibly scale to LSST, demonstrated on a live alert stream. The paper is also refreshingly honest, stating up front that the UV/optical data do not yield new physical insight into LFBOTs. The classification itself is on solid ground: secure host redshift from multiple narrow nebular lines, a fast rise and decline, blue featureless spectra, and an absolute magnitude that remains luminous even after my correction below.

The photometry is carefully reduced, ground-based data are template subtracted, and the Swift UVOT contamination is acknowledged rather than hidden. The data availability statement is strong, and the FastFinder description, while tied to a thesis, is concrete enough to be useful. This deserves to be published as a sample-building paper.

The soft spot is quantitative. Section 5 says a K-correction of K=-2.5log(1+z) is 'added when calculating the absolute magnitude.' With the standard Hogg et al. convention, M = m - DM - K, so adding a negative K brightens the source by 5log(1+z). For z=0.2267 that is about 0.49 mag. Using the paper's own peak r-band magnitude and DM, the correct rest-frame g-band absolute magnitude is roughly -20.6, not -21.0. The same sign error affects AT 2020xnd and AT 2023fhn in the comparison, and since AT 2018cow and AT 2024wpp were plotted without K-corrections, Figure 4 mixes conventions. The LFBOT classification survives (M_g=-20.6 still passes the usual -20 threshold), but the headline luminosity claim and the quantitative comparison in Figure 4 are off by half a magnitude. That is a load-bearing number for at least part of the paper's value, so it needs to be fixed, not just footnoted.

The LSST forecasting also assumes M_g=-21; shifting to -20.6 will alter the stated volume limits modestly, which is worth a check.

This is exactly the kind of discovery paper that belongs in the literature after revision. The qualitative conclusions are sound, the method is interesting, and the error is correctable. I would send it to a referee, with the clear instruction to verify the K-correction sign and the resulting absolute magnitudes.

Referee Report

2 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper reports the discovery and follow-up of AT 2024qfm, a rapidly evolving blue transient at z = 0.2267 that the authors classify as a luminous fast blue optical transient (LFBOT). The transient was identified in the ZTF alert stream by the Lasair FastFinder annotator on the basis of a fast decline and blue colour. The authors present multi-band photometry from ZTF, ATLAS, Pan-STARRS, LOT, LT, and Swift UVOT, together with Gemini/GMOS and NOT/ALFOSC spectroscopy, and use the host-galaxy redshift from narrow nebular lines to derive a peak absolute magnitude M_g ≈ -21.0. They compare AT 2024qfm with AT 2018cow and other LFBOTs, fit the host SED with Bagpipes, and discuss how the FastFinder approach could be applied to LSST data. The central claim is that AT 2024qfm is a member of the small LFBOT sample, closely resembling AT 2018cow in luminosity, colour, and spectral appearance.

Significance. If the quantitative results are corrected as detailed below, this paper is a valuable contribution: it adds a well-observed member to the small LFBOT sample, demonstrates a practical broker-based selection method for fast transients, and releases photometric tables and public spectra. The classification as an LFBOT is based on direct photometric and spectroscopic evidence rather than on model fitting, and the fast-rise/fast-decline plus blue-colour selection is a legitimate discovery strategy rather than circular reasoning. The host-galaxy redshift is secured by multiple narrow emission lines that extend to the transient position, making the physical association credible. The main quantitative claim, M_g ≈ -21.0, requires revision because the K-correction is applied with the wrong sign; the corrected value is about -20.6, which still places the object above the nominal LFBOT luminosity threshold but weakens the quantitative similarity to AT 2018cow.

major comments (2)

[Section 5, Section 6, Table A1] The K-correction is applied with the wrong sign. The paper states that 'a correction of K = -2.5 log(1+z) is added when calculating the absolute magnitude'. Under the Hogg et al. (2002) convention used in the text, m = M + DM + K, so M = m - DM - K. With K = -2.5 log(1+z), the correct expression is M = m - DM + 2.5 log(1+z). If the negative K is instead added to m - DM, the result is M = m - DM - 2.5 log(1+z), which makes the source 5 log(1+z) ≈ 0.44 mag too bright at z = 0.2267. Using the Table A1 peak r-band magnitude m_r = 19.41 and the adopted cosmology (DM ≈ 40.26), the correct rest-frame g-band absolute magnitude is 19.41 - 40.26 + 0.222 = -20.6, not -21.0. The same sign error affects the quoted absolute magnitudes of AT 2020xnd and AT 2023fhn. Please correct the sign, recompute the affected absolute magnitudes and Figure 4, and update the statements in Sections 5 and 6 that report M_g = -21.0.
[Figure 4 and Section 5] The comparison sample in Figure 4 is computed in inconsistent magnitude systems. AT 2018cow and AT 2024wpp are plotted without any colour or K-correction, while AT 2024qfm, AT 2020xnd, and AT 2023fhn receive the approximate K-correction. With the sign error above, AT 2024qfm appears about 0.44 mag brighter than it should be, while AT 2018cow (z ≈ 0.014) is essentially unshifted. The conclusion that the rest-frame ugri light curves are 'remarkably similar' and that AT 2024qfm is 'almost identical' to AT 2018cow is therefore partly an artefact of the heterogeneous correction scheme. Please recompute all objects in a single consistent rest-frame system, or apply the same approximate K-correction to every object, and reassess the similarity claim.

minor comments (5)

[Section 3.1] The lack of template subtraction for the Swift UVOT photometry is acknowledged, but the possible host-galaxy contamination is not quantified. Since the UV points are used in the comparison with AT 2018cow, please add an estimate of the host contribution at the UVOT epochs or explicitly justify that it is negligible.
[Appendix A and Figure 2] Table A1 states that all measurements are 'uncorrected for Galactic or host dust extinction', while the Figure 2 caption says that magnitudes have been corrected for Galactic extinction. Please clarify which values are plotted and which are used for the absolute-magnitude calculations.
[Section 6] The decline-rate sign convention is inconsistent: dg/dt = +0.37 mag/d for AT 2024qfm but dmg/dt = -0.26 mag/d for AT 2024kth. Please use a single convention throughout.
[Section 3.2] The host-galaxy association is critical for all luminosity estimates. The evidence presented is reasonable, but a quantitative chance-coincidence estimate or an explicit statement of the spatial and velocity coincidence criteria would strengthen the paper.
[Sections 4 and 5] There are typographical errors: 'analyse the the host galaxy' in Section 4 and 'lower than than that' in Section 5. Please correct them.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the LFBOT classification and LSST forecast rest on direct observations and externally adopted assumptions.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is self-contained. AT 2024qfm's LFBOT classification rests on directly measured photometry and spectroscopy: a rise and decline confined to a few days, a blue and largely featureless spectrum near peak, and an absolute magnitude computed from the host-galaxy redshift derived from narrow nebular emission lines. The FastFinder selection criteria (fast decline and blue colour) overlap with the class-defining features, but that is a search strategy rather than a circular derivation; the classification is confirmed independently with multi-band photometry, spectra, and a redshift from host emission lines. The LSST forecast explicitly adopts a rest-frame characteristic peak absolute magnitude of M_g = -21 from the literature and an observed decline rate of about 0.4 mag per day; it does not fit these quantities from AT 2024qfm and then rename them as predictions. The only self-citation, Fulton (2026) for the FastFinder annotator, is not load-bearing for the central physical claim: the annotator's utility is demonstrated by the real-time discovery and public reporting, and the object's classification does not depend on the thesis content. The possible K-correction sign error raised by the skeptic is a correctness concern, not a circularity concern, and it does not involve a fitted parameter being relabelled as a prediction or an equation reducing to its own input by construction.

Assumptions & free parameters 1 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the host-transient association and on sparse early photometry; both are reasonable but not independently verified. No physical parameters are fitted to force the classification, and no new entities are introduced. The assumed M_g=-21 enters only the LSST forecasting.

free parameters (1)

Assumed LFBOT peak absolute magnitude M_g = -21 = -21 mag
Adopted in Section 6 to estimate the LSST redshift limit for detecting LFBOTs via decline rate and color. It is taken from the known population, not fitted to AT 2024qfm, and does not affect the classification of the transient.

assumptions (3)

domain assumption The transient AT 2024qfm is physically associated with the host galaxy SDSS J232123.40+115632.7 and therefore lies at the host spectroscopic redshift z=0.2267.
Narrow nebular emission lines used for the redshift extend to the transient position, but the physical association is assumed for all luminosity and absolute magnitude calculations (Section 3.2 and Section 5).
domain assumption The observed-frame r-band peak at MJD 60518.346 is the true peak of the transient.
The rise time and peak magnitude M_g=-21.0 are derived from sparse photometry with a non-detection 0.98 d before first detection; the actual peak could be brighter (Section 2 and Table A1).
standard math A flat Lambda CDM cosmology with H0=70 km/s/Mpc and Omega_m=0.3 is adopted.
Used for distance and absolute magnitude calculations as stated in Section 1.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of AT 2024qfm: a luminous fast blue optical transient at a redshift of z = 0.2267 identified by Lasair-ZTF." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/ZBNHFRJA

@misc{pith2026260813003,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: AT 2024qfm: a luminous fast blue optical transient at a redshift of z = 0.2267 identified by Lasair-ZTF},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/ZBNHFRJA}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2608.13003}
}

abstract

Luminous fast blue optical transients (LFBOTs) emit from x-ray to radio wavelengths, epitomised by the discovery of AT 2018cow in a host galaxy at 65 Mpc. In the following eight years eleven more have been found, at redshifts $0.075 \lesssim z \lesssim0.34$, plus one identified retrospectively from 2016. Here we present the discovery of AT 2024qfm, classified as an LFBOT in a host galaxy at $z = 0.2267 \pm 0.0002$. Its ultraviolet-to-optical luminosity and rapid 13 day fade closely match AT 2018cow. We describe how the transient was identified in the Zwicky Transient Facility alert stream using a custom filter in the Lasair broker that flags flux gradients over time. Another LFBOT candidate was identified with the same methodology (AT 2024kth). The physical origin of LFBOTs remains debated with no firm consensus, and further progress requires more discoveries, host-galaxy characterisation, and multi-wavelength analysis to constrain theory. We discuss this discovery in the context of Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), whose sensitivity will increase the effective LFBOT survey volume tenfold relative to ZTF, out to $z \lesssim 0.6$, and show that our FastFinder filter could recover such events. We highlight the challenge of detecting their fast evolution with sufficiently low latency to trigger multi-wavelength follow-up that can constrain theoretical models.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2608.13003 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** Multi-filter lightcurve of AT 2024qfm. Filled markers denote detections whereas open markers indicate 3σ non-detections. All magnitudes have been corrected only for Galactic dust extinction. Dashed lines show a smoothed spline interpolation to each filter’s lightcurve. Phase is given relative to the epoch of r-band peak brightness measured by ZTF. We downloaded all available Swift UVOT data for AT 2024qfm to date … view at source ↗

**Figure 1.** Pan-STARRS riz-band colour composite images of the host galaxy of AT 2024qfm. The location of AT 2024qfm is indicated by cross hairs. Top: host galaxy image prior to the transient’s appearance. Bottom: same as Top, but after the transient’s appearance (MJD 60522; 4 d post peak). Seven epochs of LOT observations were conducted and reduced using a custom-built pipeline following standard procedures, before being t… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Upper panel: 2D Gemini/GMOS spectrum of AT 2024qfm and its host galaxy. The location of the host galaxy and transient traces are marked. Lower panel: 1D spectra of AT 2024qfm at two epochs: Gemini/GMOS at +5.1 d and NOT/ALFOSC at +6.8 d from r-band peak, compared against AT 2018cow (flux-scaled to match AT 2024qfm’s median flux density over 5200−6200 ˚A). All spectra have been corrected for Milky Way extinction and … view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (1 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Absolute-magnitude lightcurve of AT 2024qfm compared to four known LFBOTs. Phase is relative to peak in the observed r-band, equivalently the rest-frame g-band at AT 2024qfm’s redshift (panel titles give the rest-frame filter with its observedframe counterpart in pa…

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Reviewed August 15, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

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