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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey

As of 13 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 62 of 62 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2412.04498.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.04498 v2

Coverage vector

measured 62 of 62 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.220439Z

measured 63 of 63 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T20:13:29.515567Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-07T20:13:29.889316Z

Reference resolution

62 of 62 outbound references displayed

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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d08023e2-1a21-4abd-90cb-4b3b85b5ae9a · outbound

This paper cites Defense llama: The llm purpose-built for amer- ican national security.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Defense llama: The llm purpose-built for amer- ican national security

Reference 1

Resolution
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Observation c6dc6c13-ffd3-4c8d-b4d6-6119e7b9b1f3 · outbound

This paper cites Linear representations of political perspe c- tive emerge in large language models.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Linear representations of political perspe c- tive emerge in large language models

Reference 2

Resolution
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Observation 1702d358-78e4-4e18-b61f-92c6e7b3825f · outbound

This paper cites Plurals: A system for guiding llms via simulated social ensembles, 2024.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Plurals: A system for guiding llms via simulated social ensembles, 2024

Reference 3

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Observation 7f2af221-e264-44e3-8cb0-33f6221be8ee · outbound

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

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Observation 6c9f294c-1b92-42c5-b556-54410fd42dcc · outbound

This paper cites The role of generative ai in global diplomatic practices: A strategi c framework, 2023.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey The role of generative ai in global diplomatic practices: A strategi c framework, 2023

Reference 5

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Observation b846af57-7544-47fb-9dfc-29023787a606 · outbound

This paper cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models

Reference 6

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Observation a1fe82fe-8a81-4d49-aa5c-c23600d1b139 · outbound

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

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Observation b7ffddc5-f8c6-410f-90e8-4a31a282fb38 · outbound

This paper cites Caballero and Phillip R.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Caballero and Phillip R

Reference 8

Resolution
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Observation 53eb34f1-b23e-4b0b-b4dc-4d01e03f79ff · outbound

This paper cites (a) i am not a lawyer, but...: Engaging le- gal experts towards responsible llm policies for legal advi ce.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey (a) i am not a lawyer, but...: Engaging le- gal experts towards responsible llm policies for legal advi ce

Reference 9

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Observation 3b8b529c-e26b-454d-b8f8-f7e18e7db522 · outbound

This paper cites Saullm-54b & saullm-141b: Scaling up domain adap- tation for the legal domain.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Saullm-54b & saullm-141b: Scaling up domain adap- tation for the legal domain

Reference 10

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Observation 8e78d964-8a4d-4969-9485-f9cdf55cebbe · outbound

This paper cites Large legal fictions: Profiling legal hallucinations in large language models.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Large legal fictions: Profiling legal hallucinations in large language models

Reference 11

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

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Observation 0c0e6f31-1b41-49cc-9f75-4515b972122e · outbound

This paper cites LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Models.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Models

Reference 13

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

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Observation a2fd156a-c1aa-4df7-835e-9c86641b15aa · outbound

This paper cites Implications of chatgpt and large language models for environmental policymaking.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Implications of chatgpt and large language models for environmental policymaking

Reference 15

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Observation d2e48439-65e6-4d31-80d4-19f953894792 · outbound

This paper cites Generative agent-based modeling: an introduction and tutorial.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Generative agent-based modeling: an introduction and tutorial

Reference 16

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Observation 1c16a2fd-d337-448a-bb4a-b08b9b69a3e2 · outbound

This paper cites Gudiño, Umberto Grandi, and César Hidalgo.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Gudiño, Umberto Grandi, and César Hidalgo

Reference 17

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Observation 6d938670-c93e-430f-87dd-b03e36898d01 · outbound

This paper cites Legal- bench: A collaboratively built benchmark for measuring le- gal reasoning in large language models.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Legal- bench: A collaboratively built benchmark for measuring le- gal reasoning in large language models

Reference 18

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This paper cites Multiclass clas- sification of policy documents with large language models, 2023.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Multiclass clas- sification of policy documents with large language models, 2023

Reference 19

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Observation d7e01cd0-20c8-42a3-93af-efe304ff1b86 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating the per - suasive influence of political microtargeting with large la n- guage models.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Evaluating the per - suasive influence of political microtargeting with large la n- guage models

Reference 20

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This paper cites The case for large language model op- timism in legal research from a law & technology librarian.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey The case for large language model op- timism in legal research from a law & technology librarian

Reference 21

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This paper cites Societal, economic, ethical and legal chall enges of the digital revolution: From big data to deep learning, ar - tificial intelligence, and manipulative technologies, 201 9.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Societal, economic, ethical and legal chall enges of the digital revolution: From big data to deep learning, ar - tificial intelligence, and manipulative technologies, 201 9

Reference 22

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Observation 0ea33e26-b0d4-453d-aa29-a2a15d03d461 · outbound

This paper cites Will democracy sur- vive big data and artificial intelligence? Towards digital en- lightenment: Essays on the dark and light sides of the digita l revolution, pages 73–98, 2019.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Will democracy sur- vive big data and artificial intelligence? Towards digital en- lightenment: Essays on the dark and light sides of the digita l revolution, pages 73–98, 2019

Reference 23

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This paper cites Large language models can impersonat e politicians and other public figures, 2024.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Large language models can impersonat e politicians and other public figures, 2024

Reference 24

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This paper cites Large language models as a substitute for human ex- perts in annotating political text.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Large language models as a substitute for human ex- perts in annotating political text

Reference 25

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey War and peace (waragent): Large language model-based multi- agent simulation of world wars

Reference 27

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Liao, Esin Durmus, Alex Tamkin, and Deep Ganguli

Reference 28

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This paper cites Social-llm: Modeling u ser behavior at scale using language models and social network data, 2023.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Social-llm: Modeling u ser behavior at scale using language models and social network data, 2023

Reference 29

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Gpt-4 passes the bar exam

Reference 31

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Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Zhang, Jane Hsieh, Haiyi Zhu, and Kenneth Holstein

Reference 32

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Observation 68c9aa37-2947-47da-b2fd-a775418b551e · outbound

This paper cites Battleagent: Multi-modal dynamic emulation on historical battles to complement historical anal- ysis, 2024.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Battleagent: Multi-modal dynamic emulation on historical battles to complement historical anal- ysis, 2024

Reference 33

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Observation 04a03b6d-aa8e-4e6d-81f9-7a986c58485f · outbound

This paper cites From voices to validity: Leveragin g large language models (llms) for textual analysis of policy stakeholder interviews, 2023.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey From voices to validity: Leveragin g large language models (llms) for textual analysis of policy stakeholder interviews, 2023

Reference 34

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e238c543-fd2b-4eed-a829-7ea96f77f5d7 · outbound

This paper cites Positioning political te xts with large language models by asking and averaging, 2024.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Positioning political te xts with large language models by asking and averaging, 2024

Reference 35

Resolution
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Observation ba514c60-959a-42b0-ab12-078d35773b6f · outbound

This paper cites Welfare diplo- macy: Benchmarking language model cooperation, 2023.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Welfare diplo- macy: Benchmarking language model cooperation, 2023

Reference 36

Resolution
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Observation 71919fd0-5696-4913-a89c-263591a63206 · outbound

This paper cites A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models

Reference 37

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation c3bf1da6-d1e3-4711-a468-ca4da68af279 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 047464b8-19e2-446e-b307-ed371bb81b18 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution
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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation e57af4bf-60da-4383-b10b-a242a5fe1f24 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution
unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 1966a20b-6559-4160-8039-b44606d81ab9 · outbound

This paper cites Cai, Mered- ith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Cai, Mered- ith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S

Reference 41

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 7f313303-70d8-4a69-8e5a-8f6a572441d7 · outbound

This paper cites Park, Simon Goldstein, Aidan O’Gara, Michael Chen, and Dan Hendrycks.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Park, Simon Goldstein, Aidan O’Gara, Michael Chen, and Dan Hendrycks

Reference 42

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 84167026-29a2-4987-96a3-4a45410762bc · outbound

This paper cites Cooper- ate or collapse: Emergence of sustainable cooperation in a society of llm agents, 2024.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Cooper- ate or collapse: Emergence of sustainable cooperation in a society of llm agents, 2024

Reference 43

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 4200cac6-7360-4011-8e9b-91ed6d0f2b40 · outbound

This paper cites Representation b ias in political sample simulations with large language models ,.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Representation b ias in political sample simulations with large language models ,

Reference 44

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation d6bca9cf-9cbb-4a7c-897d-c3a4009ed5df · outbound

This paper cites Escala- tion risks from language models in military and diplomatic decision-making.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Escala- tion risks from language models in military and diplomatic decision-making

Reference 45

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation da129960-649d-45a0-8a1a-27880f9ae45c · outbound

This paper cites Sanders, Alex Ulinich, and Bruce Schneier.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Sanders, Alex Ulinich, and Bruce Schneier

Reference 46

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation ff17b778-c309-49c1-81b2-7332a3861e30 · outbound

This paper cites V era Liao, and Ziang Xiao.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey V era Liao, and Ziang Xiao

Reference 47

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 3b68c68a-87c7-4d94-bd37-bfb82533860a · outbound

This paper cites A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Legal Judgment Prediction.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Legal Judgment Prediction

Reference 48

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.151795Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-12T04:58:55.151795Z digest=sha256:d296706434984969ff4f988d1655973f9c1dfc5c88f9689574ebee0ef036724a

Observation 3a46fbe2-4e39-48c2-ad32-c0b6f8110118 · outbound

This paper cites Large language models can argue in con - vincing and novel ways about politics: Evidence from ex- periments and human judgement.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Large language models can argue in con - vincing and novel ways about politics: Evidence from ex- periments and human judgement

Reference 49

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 766a788d-f22f-46e2-ac66-dd2e844a81b6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 50

Resolution
unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation abb63b11-3f8c-45ef-99b5-66739e4fc8b5 · outbound

This paper cites Bakker, Daniel Jar- rett, Hannah Sheahan, Martin J.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Bakker, Daniel Jar- rett, Hannah Sheahan, Martin J

Reference 51

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation b1aa5c02-8cf9-48ca-a9dc-a2a79a92d5d8 · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

Reference 52

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.172435Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation e21b1f63-af66-40ec-9879-3b0efca5143a · outbound

This paper cites Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin

Reference 53

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.488618Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 63770ca0-bd23-4ae0-b8e2-143e41a19220 · outbound

This paper cites Artificial intelligen ce can persuade humans on political issues.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Artificial intelligen ce can persuade humans on political issues

Reference 54

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.473467Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation fb029289-f43e-4fa7-a596-729e07cc1922 · outbound

This paper cites Hu- manoid agents: Platform for simulating human-like gener- ative agents.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Hu- manoid agents: Platform for simulating human-like gener- ative agents

Reference 55

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation b391e5ac-00e7-4551-97f9-980a0f308f1f · outbound

This paper cites Epidemic modeling with gener- ative agents, 2023.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Epidemic modeling with gener- ative agents, 2023

Reference 56

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 3f32ca70-a059-4612-a475-d94d7fdc5d83 · outbound

This paper cites Simulating pub lic administration crisis: A novel generative agent-based sim u- lation system to lower technology barriers in social scienc e research, 2023.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Simulating pub lic administration crisis: A novel generative agent-based sim u- lation system to lower technology barriers in social scienc e research, 2023

Reference 57

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.423730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 70d86301-eb16-47a4-ac8c-8b559b2056f2 · outbound

This paper cites Yang, Damian Dailisan, Marcin Korecki, Carin a I.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Yang, Damian Dailisan, Marcin Korecki, Carin a I

Reference 58

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.408123Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-12T04:58:55.201362Z digest=sha256:2863e35dfc32d11c121985e1f76958c32496c4595b643f5f94ca28585a734ccb

Observation 7094861f-3672-4f94-a42d-d4361be814dc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Unresolved cited work

Reference 59

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.392306Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-12T04:58:55.205870Z digest=sha256:37df6b84cacf3a8203de6f95c4fda2aeba3f94d86b4a188371ed6ba9b389b599

Observation a67d0536-6082-4529-9438-3fb96e15e1f2 · outbound

This paper cites Electionsim: Massive population election simulation powered by large language model driven agents, 2024.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Electionsim: Massive population election simulation powered by large language model driven agents, 2024

Reference 60

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.376966Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-12T04:58:55.210738Z digest=sha256:c9fba1f513f979da5fccd43bbbd122d31f15cb8e51b8b4a46b38f43facfac2af

Observation 2036c073-a86d-438e-b22b-e6864954dd5b · outbound

This paper cites AI Language Models Could Both Help and Harm Equity in Marine Policymaking: The Case Study of the BBNJ Question-Answering Bot.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey AI Language Models Could Both Help and Harm Equity in Marine Policymaking: The Case Study of the BBNJ Question-Answering Bot

Reference 61

Resolution
verified exact
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-12T04:58:55.215566Z digest=sha256:c45f675c0b8b83f5ef4c9904aaf1a779cb106d98ce774fa7f4140500e61a547c

Observation 91e34103-1aea-4e73-b001-17b3893f2a62 · outbound

This paper cites Can large language models trans- form computational social science?, 2024.

Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey Can large language models trans- form computational social science?, 2024

Reference 62

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T04:58:55.360958Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-12T04:58:55.220439Z digest=sha256:c8f3e01eb8de170d698cd353f6c19484d58621cf4e39710b201bb82b130e54f2

Pith citing papers

Observation 0f150a72-4ae8-45ca-9290-1120ef385713 · inbound

AGI, Governments, and Free Societies cites this paper.

AGI, Governments, and Free Societies Large Language Models in Politics and Democracy: A Comprehensive Survey

Reference 2019

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T20:13:29.985613Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T20:13:29.515567Z digest=sha256:d936b6c4d52292e2648dd68ad9498218b03ec53f84c0a7faa97a29b202c55f65