Rational curves and instantons on the Fano threefold $Y_5$

This thesis is an investigation of the moduli spaces of instanton bundles on the Fano threefold $Y_5$ (a linear section of $\mathbb{G}r(2,5)$). It contains new proofs of classical facts about lines, conics and cubics on $Y_5$, and about linear sections of $Y_5$. The main original results are a Grauert-M\"ulich theorem for the splitting type of instantons on conics, a bound to the splitting type of instantons on lines and an $SL_2$-equivariant description of the moduli space in charge 2 and 3. Using these results we prove the existence of a unique $SL_2$-equivariant instanton of minimal charge and we show that for all instantons of charge 2 the divisor of jumping lines is smooth. In charge 3, we provide examples of instantons with reducible divisor of jumping lines. Finally, we construct a natural compactification for the moduli space of instantons of charge 3, together with a small resolution of singularities for it.