Dispersal and Mixing of Oxygen in the Interstellar Medium of Gas-Rich Galaxies

Stellar and nebular abundance indicators reveal that there exists significant abundance fluctuations in the interstellar medium (ISM) of gas-rich galaxies. It is shown that at the present observed solar level of O/H $\sim 6 \times 10^{-4}$, abundance differences of a factor of two, such as existing between the Sun and the nearby Orion Nebula, are many times larger than expected. We examine a variety of hydrodynamical processes operating at scales ranging from 1 pc to greater than 10 kpc, and show that the ISM should appear better homogenized chemically than it actually is: $(i)$ on large galactic scales (1 $\geq\ l\ \geq$ 10 kpc), turbulent diffusion of interstellar clouds in the shear flow of galactic differential rotation is able to wipe out azimuthal O/H fluctuations in less than $10^9$ yrs; $(ii)$ at the intermediate scale (100 $\geq\ l\ \geq$ 1000 pc), cloud collisions and expanding supershells driven by evolving associations of massive stars, differential rotation and triggered star formation will re-distribute and mix gas efficiently in about $10^8$ yrs; $(iii)$ at small scales (1 $\geq\ l\ \geq$ 100 pc), turbulent diffusion may be the dominant mechanism in cold clouds, while Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmhotz instabilities quickly develop in regions of gas ionized by massive stars, leading to full mixing in