pith:6IFLIQJE
Earth Science Foundation Models: From Perception to Reasoning and Discovery
Foundation models integrate multimodal Earth data to advance from perception to reasoning and discovery.
arxiv:2605.12542 v1 · 2026-05-09 · astro-ph.IM · astro-ph.EP · cs.LG
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\pithnumber{6IFLIQJEF4UI5JZLZDTDBAZTGN}
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Claims
Large foundation models (FMs) are transforming Earth science by integrating heterogeneous multimodal data, such as multi-platform imagery, gridded reanalysis data, diverse geophysical and geochemical observations, and domain-specific text, to support tasks ranging from basic perception to advanced scientific discovery. This paper provides a unified review of Earth science foundation models through two complementary dimensions: depth and breadth, compiles more than 200 datasets and benchmarks, and outlines future directions toward more integrated, trustworthy, and actionable AI Earth scientists.
That the representative multimodal Earth foundation models selected for review and the more than 200 compiled datasets and benchmarks are sufficiently comprehensive and unbiased to support a reliable unified roadmap of the entire field.
The paper delivers a unified review and roadmap of Earth science foundation models, structured by capability depth from perception to agentic reasoning and by application breadth across atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, anthroposphere, and cryosphere, while compiling over 200 datasets
References
Receipt and verification
| First computed | 2026-05-18T03:10:02.326044Z |
|---|---|
| Builder | pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1 |
| Signature | Pith Ed25519
(pith-v1-2026-05) · public key |
| Schema | pith-number/v1.0 |
Canonical hash
f20ab441242f288ea72bc8e63083333377d79ae27c2fa6415d46142d16773f49
Aliases
· · · · ·Agent API
Verify this Pith Number yourself
curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/6IFLIQJEF4UI5JZLZDTDBAZTGN \
| jq -c '.canonical_record' \
| python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: f20ab441242f288ea72bc8e63083333377d79ae27c2fa6415d46142d16773f49
Canonical record JSON
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"license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
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"submitted_at": "2026-05-09T08:34:30Z",
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