Pith Number

pith:737LKEDP

pith:2026:737LKEDPBXREIF3LTEMJ57EIL3

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Kernelized Advantage Estimation: From Nonparametric Statistics to LLM Reasoning

Chengchun Shi, Hongyi Zhou, Jin Zhu, Kai Ye, Shijin Gong, Xinyu Zhang

Applying kernel smoothing to a small number of reasoning traces yields accurate value and gradient estimates that improve policy optimization in LLM reasoning.

arxiv:2604.28005 v2 · 2026-04-30 · cs.LG · stat.ML

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{737LKEDPBXREIF3LTEMJ57EIL3}

Prints a linked badge after your title and injects PDF metadata. Compiles on arXiv. Learn more · Embed verified badge

Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

Numerical and theoretical results demonstrate that our proposal achieves accurate value and gradient estimation, leading to improved policy optimization.

C2weakest assumption

Kernel smoothing applied to a small number of reasoning traces per prompt can produce sufficiently unbiased and low-variance estimates of the true value function in the high-dimensional, discrete space of LLM outputs.

C3one line summary

Kernel smoothing yields accurate value and gradient estimates for low-variance policy learning in LLM reasoning under tight per-prompt sampling budgets.

Cited by

2 papers in Pith

Learning Perturbations to Extrapolate Your LLM

Perturbation is All You Need for Extrapolating Language Models

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-20T00:02:11.931112Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

fefeb5106f0de244176b99189efc885efd0614cd14e3cd1927a378449b865210

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.28005 · arxiv_version: 2604.28005v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.28005 · pith_short_12: 737LKEDPBXRE · pith_short_16: 737LKEDPBXREIF3L · pith_short_8: 737LKEDP

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/737LKEDPBXREIF3LTEMJ57EIL3 \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: fefeb5106f0de244176b99189efc885efd0614cd14e3cd1927a378449b865210

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "82082ee2070f3522b2773346f824273a99fe47cb9e39c72d1452aed96a563a37",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "stat.ML"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.LG",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-30T15:27:34Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "1b358b977e70752e98dbcbabe5cb9351cccf7c8075f16468e345993f61002a30"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2604.28005",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}