Pith Number

pith:7L2CEQ5S

pith:2026:7L2CEQ5SRXDE557BGF7YFCQUIV

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

How Wrong Can Your Counterfactual Be? Quantifying Confounding Bias for Continuous Treatments without a Control Group

Siguang Li, Xiangchen Liu, Yu Wang

arxiv:2603.07438 v2 · 2026-03-08 · cs.AI

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{7L2CEQ5SRXDE557BGF7YFCQUIV}

Prints a linked badge after your title and injects PDF metadata. Compiles on arXiv. Learn more · Embed verified badge

Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-20T00:03:07.942151Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

faf42243b28dc64ef7e1317f828a14455412174307c3db7958094a45453a65ed

Aliases

arxiv: 2603.07438 · arxiv_version: 2603.07438v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2603.07438 · pith_short_12: 7L2CEQ5SRXDE · pith_short_16: 7L2CEQ5SRXDE557B · pith_short_8: 7L2CEQ5S

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/7L2CEQ5SRXDE557BGF7YFCQUIV \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: faf42243b28dc64ef7e1317f828a14455412174307c3db7958094a45453a65ed

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "0b92138ac8a0c75d4cd302c310f4f96188c40645b26350bea0c58f575449fc4e",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.AI",
    "submitted_at": "2026-03-08T03:22:38Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "55d0c5482f3ea09c6e0d6daa7335ae397a14d01f1e6d3024f51666704dc68ea6"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2603.07438",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}