Pith Number

pith:ALUDCNM5

pith:2026:ALUDCNM5ZNCPLISRJPQPNHW2IW

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Cattle Trade: A Multi-Agent Benchmark for LLM Bluffing, Bidding, and Bargaining

Clemens M\"uller, Robert M\"uller

In the Cattle Trade benchmark, strategic coherence like spending efficiency and adaptive bidding predicts rank better than spending volume.

arxiv:2605.14537 v1 · 2026-05-14 · cs.AI

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Claims

C1strongest claim

Strategic coherence, in particular spending efficiency, resource discipline, and phase-adaptive bidding, is associated with rank more strongly than spending volume or any single subskill. Two heuristic code agents outperform most tested LLMs.

C2weakest assumption

That performance differences observed in this specific Cattle Trade game design accurately reflect general agentic competence in strategic reasoning under imperfect information rather than being artifacts of the particular rules, card mechanics, or turn structure.

C3one line summary

Cattle Trade benchmark shows heuristic code agents outperforming most LLMs in integrated strategic tasks like bidding, bluffing, and resource allocation across 242 games, with strategic coherence predicting rank better than spending volume.

References

32 extracted · 32 resolved · 2 Pith anchors

[1] TrueSkill: A 2006

[2] Mastering the Game of 2017

[3] Brown, Noam and Sandholm, Tuomas , journal=. Superhuman. 2019 , publisher= 2019

[4] Human-Level Play in the Game of 2022

[5] International Conference on Learning Representations , year=

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-17T23:39:05.872363Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

02e831359dcb44f5a2514be0f69eda459ef0debffc065f5b9ca9089a4f1ce872

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.14537 · arxiv_version: 2605.14537v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.14537 · pith_short_12: ALUDCNM5ZNCP · pith_short_16: ALUDCNM5ZNCPLISR · pith_short_8: ALUDCNM5

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/ALUDCNM5ZNCPLISRJPQPNHW2IW \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 02e831359dcb44f5a2514be0f69eda459ef0debffc065f5b9ca9089a4f1ce872

Canonical record JSON

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    "abstract_canon_sha256": "865130fdb5fd25a41639e9841b2664b6c1ba2efe8d76dc9c59e3e3f05f890a29",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.AI",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-14T08:20:03Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "3868d66f48db7af201969b675016f8f4721bd4970bf02602ab0a231a663cfca3"
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  "source": {
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    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
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}