Pith Number

pith:DFFDPXFG

pith:2026:DFFDPXFGOASEVTJZSJHGVGAQGL

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

PASA: A Principled Embedding-Space Watermarking Approach for LLM-Generated Text under Semantic-Invariant Attacks

Haiyun He, Zhenxin Ai

PASA embeds watermarks in LLM semantic embedding space to detect generated text after paraphrasing without distorting output.

arxiv:2605.10977 v2 · 2026-05-09 · cs.CR · cs.AI

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\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{DFFDPXFGOASEVTJZSJHGVGAQGL}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

PASA remains robust even under strong paraphrasing attacks while preserving high text quality, outperforming standard vocabulary-space baselines.

C2weakest assumption

The assumption that semantic clusters in the latent embedding space can be constructed reliably and that the distributional dependency created by shared randomness synchronized via secret key and semantic history yields the claimed joint optimality and robustness without hidden vulnerabilities or detectable artifacts.

C3one line summary

PASA is a semantic-level watermarking method for LLM text that uses embedding-space clusters and synchronized randomness to remain detectable after paraphrasing while preserving text quality.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-26T01:02:35.566440Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

194a37dca670244acd39924e6a981032d378674f0d504e758d033e93b8e4b648

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.10977 · arxiv_version: 2605.10977v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.10977 · pith_short_12: DFFDPXFGOASE · pith_short_16: DFFDPXFGOASEVTJZ · pith_short_8: DFFDPXFG

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/DFFDPXFGOASEVTJZSJHGVGAQGL \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 194a37dca670244acd39924e6a981032d378674f0d504e758d033e93b8e4b648

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "8cc47a1f256314c7b70fb1acd61c517e15e81c26ddae61860ad20dd18e808e3a",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.AI"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.CR",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-09T01:09:01Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "ccdbdffbb36eadba48815173fbbdbefd11570f03737c0682011893e1b174a67c"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.10977",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}