Pith Number

pith:DJSP3MTJ

pith:2026:DJSP3MTJS4AQVN7WNS3X4GVI2P

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Luminol-AIDetect: Fast Zero-shot Machine-Generated Text Detection based on Perplexity under Text Shuffling

Andrea Tagarelli, Lucio La Cava

Machine-generated text exhibits a distinct dispersion in perplexity after random shuffling, unlike the stable variability of human text.

arxiv:2604.25860 v2 · 2026-04-28 · cs.CL · cs.AI · cs.CY

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\pithnumber{DJSP3MTJS4AQVN7WNS3X4GVI2P}

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4 Citations open

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The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

By applying a simple randomized text-shuffling procedure, we demonstrate that the resulting shift in perplexity serves as a principled, model-agnostic discriminant, as MGT displays a characteristic dispersion in perplexity-under-shuffling that differs markedly from the more stable structural variability of human-written text.

C2weakest assumption

That the autoregressive nature of large language models produces a specific structural fragility that is reliably exposed by randomized text shuffling and remains distinguishable from human text across all content domains, languages, and adversarial modifications.

C3one line summary

Luminol-AIDetect detects machine-generated text zero-shot by extracting perplexity-based features from original and shuffled text versions, using density estimation and ensemble prediction to exploit greater structural fragility in AI output.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-06-04T01:09:50.133640Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

1a64fdb26997010ab7f66cb77e1aa8d3d9610b799bb83b09b47242998353978b

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.25860 · arxiv_version: 2604.25860v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.25860 · pith_short_12: DJSP3MTJS4AQ · pith_short_16: DJSP3MTJS4AQVN7W · pith_short_8: DJSP3MTJ

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/DJSP3MTJS4AQVN7WNS3X4GVI2P \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 1a64fdb26997010ab7f66cb77e1aa8d3d9610b799bb83b09b47242998353978b

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "aa8770eccee41efde5087f0212fe78f86dcc7868e6b501bdeff7471137683463",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.AI",
      "cs.CY"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.CL",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-28T16:58:55Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "f87e78c022317e210273ec59d1df93f4303c760512bb99837a00d11e3875f666"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2604.25860",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}