Pith Number

pith:EEKNOJNH

pith:2026:EEKNOJNH3NPIO6ZU6RQPGVKXJX

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

ComplexMCP: Evaluation of LLM Agents in Dynamic, Interdependent, and Large-Scale Tool Sandbox

Hongyang Chen, Longyue Wang, Weihua Luo, Xue Yang, Yuanyang Li

LLM agents reach under 60 percent success on interdependent tool tasks where humans hit 90 percent.

arxiv:2605.10787 v2 · 2026-05-11 · cs.AI · cs.SE

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{EEKNOJNH3NPIO6ZU6RQPGVKXJX}

Prints a linked badge after your title and injects PDF metadata. Compiles on arXiv. Learn more · Embed verified badge

Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

even top-tier models fail to exceed a 60% success rate, far trailing human performance 90%. Granular trajectory analysis identifies three fundamental bottlenecks: (1) tool retrieval saturation as action spaces scale; (2) over-confidence, where agents skip essential environment verifications; and (3) strategic defeatism, a tendency to rationalize failure rather than pursuing recovery.

C2weakest assumption

The 7 stateful sandboxes and 300 tools derived from them sufficiently represent the interdependent, noisy conditions of real-world commercial software automation.

C3one line summary

ComplexMCP benchmark shows current LLM agents achieve at most 60% success on interdependent tool tasks versus 90% for humans, due to tool retrieval saturation, over-confidence, and strategic defeatism.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-21T01:04:27.539391Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

2114d725a7db5e877b34f460f355574dc44db64e817c18b70a0ec9cb6b6aa131

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.10787 · arxiv_version: 2605.10787v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.10787 · pith_short_12: EEKNOJNH3NPI · pith_short_16: EEKNOJNH3NPIO6ZU · pith_short_8: EEKNOJNH

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/EEKNOJNH3NPIO6ZU6RQPGVKXJX \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 2114d725a7db5e877b34f460f355574dc44db64e817c18b70a0ec9cb6b6aa131

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "a68599b15e9a0582b3aef49b4ae36f640f5b839bcf4e3d08437117843ec2004a",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.SE"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.AI",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-11T16:20:51Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "fd2bd41c287548fd92863647a6abcb8f2ff287080bf077adc3083aeb001322a7"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.10787",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}