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pith:EKTBC5ZE

pith:2026:EKTBC5ZE7BHI6DYZTUZXATO3TO

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Decoupled Azimuth Elevation AoA Estimation Exploiting Kronecker Separable Steering Matrices

Faizan A. Khattak, Fazal-E Asim, Ian K. Proudler, Stephan Weiss

Kronecker separability of steering vectors allows decoupling of azimuth and elevation subspaces for independent 1D AoA estimation.

arxiv:2605.13394 v1 · 2026-05-13 · eess.SP

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Claims

C1strongest claim

Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed approach achieves higher accuracy than state of the art methods, i.e., two dimensional MUSIC, reduced-dimension MUSIC, and two-dimensional ESPRIT, for medium- and large scale arrays while requiring fewer snapshots.

C2weakest assumption

The arrays (URA, NURA, UPgA, NUPgA) admit steering vectors that can be expressed exactly as the Kronecker product of azimuth and elevation steering vectors, allowing the full steering matrix to be written as the Khatri-Rao product of the corresponding azimuth and elevation matrices.

C3one line summary

A Kronecker-based subspace decoupling framework separates azimuth and elevation AoA estimation so that 1D MUSIC, root-MUSIC or ESPRIT can be applied independently, yielding higher accuracy than 2D MUSIC or 2D ESPRIT with fewer snapshots.

References

19 extracted · 19 resolved · 0 Pith anchors

[1] Multiple emitter location and signal param eter estimation, 1986

[2] Estimating the angles of ar rival of multiple plane waves, 1983

[3] ESPRIT-estimation of signal para meters via ro- tational invariance techniques, 1989

[4] Gridless DOA estima tion and root- MUSIC for non-uniform linear arrays, 2021

[5] DOA estimatio n with non- uniform linear arrays: A phase-difference projection appr oach, 2021

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-18T02:44:47.684714Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

22a6117724f84e8f0f199d33704ddb9b8a00ea0512cfb95559c648a38e6a3889

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.13394 · arxiv_version: 2605.13394v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.13394 · pith_short_12: EKTBC5ZE7BHI · pith_short_16: EKTBC5ZE7BHI6DYZ · pith_short_8: EKTBC5ZE

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curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/EKTBC5ZE7BHI6DYZTUZXATO3TO \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 22a6117724f84e8f0f199d33704ddb9b8a00ea0512cfb95559c648a38e6a3889

Canonical record JSON

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  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "3251fc87f982e1445b5db1c2971084fbc3d74dca609dfaee0750a2b0233a8b37",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "eess.SP",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-13T11:51:42Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "77f095043cd61bf16d1d11bafee2db2eee469a4540dc63c4d32a892aa0f2b36e"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.13394",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}