Pith Number

pith:FVWOBHSS

pith:2026:FVWOBHSS5M5RPRDGZDARZSUJBF

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Investigating the formation channel of GW231123: Population III stars or hierarchical mergers?

Ataru Tanikawa, Emanuele Berti, Federico Angeloni, Konstantinos Kritos, Luca Graziani, Michela Mapelli, Raffaella Schneider, Stefano Torniamenti

GW231123 formed through repeated mergers of black holes inside a dense globular cluster rather than from an isolated binary or Population III stars.

arxiv:2604.18709 v2 · 2026-04-20 · astro-ph.GA · astro-ph.CO · gr-qc

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\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{FVWOBHSS5M5RPRDGZDARZSUJBF}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

Our results instead strongly support a dynamical, hierarchical origin. The observed black hole masses are naturally reproduced through successive mergers in dense globular clusters. The high dimensionless spins reported by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration are consistent with this hierarchical population.

C2weakest assumption

The assumption that the specific prescriptions in SEVN and BSEEMP for binary evolution and the GAMESH cluster formation model accurately capture the physics at the metallicities and densities relevant to GW231123-like events; small changes in common-envelope efficiency or cluster density could alter whether isolated binaries can merge in time.

C3one line summary

GW231123 most likely formed through hierarchical mergers of black holes in metal-poor globular clusters, with isolated binary channels failing to match the observed merger redshift and masses.

Cited by

1 paper in Pith

Black Hole Binary Detection Landscape for the Laser Interferometer Lunar Antenna (LILA): Signal-to-Noise Calculations & Science Cases

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-25T02:02:15.542473Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

2d6ce09e52eb3b17c466c8c11cca890971af957806c8c39a5bef6a2962c33231

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.18709 · arxiv_version: 2604.18709v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.18709 · pith_short_12: FVWOBHSS5M5R · pith_short_16: FVWOBHSS5M5RPRDG · pith_short_8: FVWOBHSS

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/FVWOBHSS5M5RPRDGZDARZSUJBF \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 2d6ce09e52eb3b17c466c8c11cca890971af957806c8c39a5bef6a2962c33231

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "7ae77291412f8474fd1ca09393977420de0d18e9ecd331e0228b835049d5ac32",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "astro-ph.CO",
      "gr-qc"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "astro-ph.GA",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-20T18:09:26Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "dd8426d6ec4ae67c1ac0a1ea13dc4767fcd1f006fb672bbf9b2d821bdc301b63"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2604.18709",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}