Pith Number

pith:H5M2YU37

pith:2026:H5M2YU37DGXYCZMJLPCOTU62OH

not attested not anchored not stored refs resolved

What Do You Think I Think? Accounting for Human Beliefs Using Second-Order Theory of Mind

Henny Admoni, Patrick Callaghan, Reid Simmons

An agent using second-order theory of mind can detect and correct for humans' mistaken beliefs about the agent's own knowledge.

arxiv:2605.12745 v1 · 2026-05-12 · cs.HC · cs.AI

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\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{H5M2YU37DGXYCZMJLPCOTU62OH}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

An in-person user study shows how a ToM-2 learner can account for the effects of a teacher's CBH to significantly improve the informativeness of teacher actions, and subjective results suggest people find the ToM-2 learner's feedback more useful.

C2weakest assumption

That the I-POMDP framework, when extended to second-order beliefs, can accurately capture and detect the evolution of a person's erroneous beliefs about the agent together with the specific cognitive biases and heuristics driving them.

C3one line summary

A second-order ToM agent using I-POMDP models human erroneous beliefs and cognitive biases to generate adaptive feedback that improves interaction informativeness.

References

22 extracted · 22 resolved · 0 Pith anchors

[1] Bradley Knox, and Todd Kulesza 2025 · doi:10.1609/aimag.v35i4.2513

[2] W., Pelletier, J., & Homer, B 2002 · doi:10.1016/s0732-

[3] Brooks, C., & Szafir, D. (2019, September 13). Building second-order mental models for human-robot interaction. Retrieved May 14, 2024, from http://arxiv.org/abs/1909. 06508 2019

[4] M., Palacci, A., Vélez, N., Hawkins, R 2024 · doi:10.1111/cogs.13477

[5] Cheyette, S., Callaway, F., Bramley, N., Nelson, J., & Tenen- baum, J. (2023). People seek easily interpretable informa- tion.45(45) 2023

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-18T03:09:49.014776Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

3f59ac537f19af8165895bc4e9d3da71e5d5d47ba5de94ab65f2383d693aaf78

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.12745 · arxiv_version: 2605.12745v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.12745 · pith_short_12: H5M2YU37DGXY · pith_short_16: H5M2YU37DGXYCZMJ · pith_short_8: H5M2YU37

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/H5M2YU37DGXYCZMJLPCOTU62OH \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 3f59ac537f19af8165895bc4e9d3da71e5d5d47ba5de94ab65f2383d693aaf78

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "df53f257c57bc7b95439bbdcac69cba0e87eacff1f652df6110fc8b5e3fdeee6",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.AI"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.HC",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-12T20:49:08Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "3bd38bb89ef387ba0813fd54ac4d8f796f67e7f3ee3bb63fccff9d8dd7d92292"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.12745",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}