Pith Number

pith:HP7O77ZO

pith:2019:HP7O77ZOQ2ZBTGKCQAPPR7T7XC

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Analyses of 'change scores' do not estimate causal effects in observational data

George T. H. Ellison, Kellyn F. Arnold, Mark S. Gilthorpe, Peter W. G. Tennant

arxiv:1907.02764 v1 · 2019-07-05 · stat.ME · stat.AP

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{HP7O77ZOQ2ZBTGKCQAPPR7T7XC}

Prints a linked badge after your title and injects PDF metadata. Compiles on arXiv. Learn more · Embed verified badge

Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-17T23:41:23.231425Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

3bfeefff2e86b2199942801ef8fe7fb89898edca37ec349472a84c9585be4cbb

Aliases

arxiv: 1907.02764 · arxiv_version: 1907.02764v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.1907.02764 · pith_short_12: HP7O77ZOQ2ZB · pith_short_16: HP7O77ZOQ2ZBTGKC · pith_short_8: HP7O77ZO

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/HP7O77ZOQ2ZBTGKCQAPPR7T7XC \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 3bfeefff2e86b2199942801ef8fe7fb89898edca37ec349472a84c9585be4cbb

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "68fa1c42aa251817ef43dd15d50182a8acbfee15a320abf99bb6fa0ddce00a7b",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "stat.AP"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "stat.ME",
    "submitted_at": "2019-07-05T10:42:38Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "49b27a69bd90f53ca5927ed05afb1508d5145a9860c673c1cab4ad763eb70f0b"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "1907.02764",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}