Pith Number

pith:IYU6QIFB

pith:2026:IYU6QIFBVVYRILBCNDRR22O7UF

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Wormholes and Averaging over N

Edward Witten, Jonah Kudler-Flam

Mellin averaging over the integer N can account for the apparent randomness produced by wormholes in the gravitational path integral.

arxiv:2605.15180 v1 · 2026-05-14 · hep-th

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Claims

C1strongest claim

We argue that Mellin averaging over N may suffice to reproduce the apparent randomness seen in wormhole physics, provided that the dual theory admits an analytic continuation in N and the relevant observables fluctuate on superpolynomially small scales in N.

C2weakest assumption

The dual theory admits an analytic continuation in N and the relevant observables fluctuate on superpolynomially small scales in N.

C3one line summary

Mellin averaging over N reproduces the ensemble-like randomness of wormhole physics in the gravitational path integral when the dual theory admits analytic continuation in N and observables fluctuate superpolynomially small in N.

References

32 extracted · 32 resolved · 7 Pith anchors

[1] Coleman,Black Holes as Red Herrings: Topological Fluctuations and the Loss of Quantum Coherence,Nucl 1988

[2] T. Banks, I.R. Klebanov and L. Susskind,Wormholes and the Cosmological Constant, Nucl. Phys. B317(1989). – 47 – 1989

[3] A semiclassical ramp in SYK and in gravity · arXiv:1806.06840

[4] A. Almheiri, N. Engelhardt, D. Marolf and H. Maxfield,The Entropy of Bulk Quantum Fields and the Entanglement Wedge of an Evaporating Black Hole,JHEP12(2019) 063 [arXiv:1905.08762] 2019

[5] Penington, JHEP09, 002 (2020), arXiv:1905.08255 [hep-th] 2020

Formal links

2 machine-checked theorem links

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-17T21:40:25.174208Z
Last reissued	2026-05-17T21:57:18.540086Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	unsigned_v0
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

4629e820a1ad71142c2268e31d69dfa15403128151b0354bba9b2594989c64fb

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.15180 · arxiv_version: 2605.15180v1 · pith_short_12: IYU6QIFBVVYR · pith_short_16: IYU6QIFBVVYRILBC · pith_short_8: IYU6QIFB

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/IYU6QIFBVVYRILBCNDRR22O7UF \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 4629e820a1ad71142c2268e31d69dfa15403128151b0354bba9b2594989c64fb

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "062c2bc24b197e7d30135661b3dd38d87168c67b4e89152f0252eb450795cb5c",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "hep-th",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-14T17:58:16Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "29a2325faace45aa1f8eb39e4b89505a39dcedb066d85173ff78e1a51847cf23"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.15180",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}