Pith Number

pith:JCORQ5ZJ

pith:2026:JCORQ5ZJSRCJ2PNTJLVWYVMF2Q

not attested not anchored not stored refs resolved

Demographic Transition and the Dynamics of Income Distribution in Japan: A Bayesian State-Space Approach

Kazuhiko Kakamu

Demographic shifts alter Japan's income inequality with uneven effects on lower and upper tails

arxiv:2605.18138 v1 · 2026-05-18 · econ.EM

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\pithnumber{JCORQ5ZJSRCJ2PNTJLVWYVMF2Q}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

demographic changes have heterogeneous effects across different parts of the income distribution and contribute substantially to the evolution of inequality

C2weakest assumption

The generalized beta distribution of the second kind combined with a latent state-space process for its parameters is flexible enough to capture the true dynamics induced by demographic shifts without substantial misspecification or overfitting.

C3one line summary

A Bayesian state-space model with GB2 distribution applied to grouped Japanese income data finds that demographic shifts affect inequality heterogeneously across the distribution and contribute substantially to its evolution.

References

32 extracted · 32 resolved · 0 Pith anchors

[1] Doornik , title = 2013

[2] Jenkins , title =

[3] 2005 , address = 2005

[4] Handbook of Labor Economics , volume =

[5] R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing , author =

Formal links

2 machine-checked theorem links

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-20T00:05:18.242418Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

489d18772994449d3db34aeb6c5585d43b30372f226975735f65fdaf14e17ce8

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.18138 · arxiv_version: 2605.18138v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.18138 · pith_short_12: JCORQ5ZJSRCJ · pith_short_16: JCORQ5ZJSRCJ2PNT · pith_short_8: JCORQ5ZJ

Agent API

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/JCORQ5ZJSRCJ2PNTJLVWYVMF2Q \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 489d18772994449d3db34aeb6c5585d43b30372f226975735f65fdaf14e17ce8

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "5b35479812e08ce000192c645ce7b0abf897d1761b0e024da3d296c84c5ce324",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "econ.EM",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-18T09:46:21Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "8d5f513477c6261a0a42cb37e29fbcf3bfc39078a16e132315725de5d9d1034c"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.18138",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}