Pith Number

pith:KU65E6ZS

pith:2025:KU65E6ZST2RQS2YDXPIY5YD2I7

not attested not anchored not stored refs resolved

Numerical simulations of density perturbation and gravitational wave production from cosmological first-order phase transition

Jintao Zou, Ligong Bian, Zhiqing Zhu, Zizhuo Zhao

Lattice simulations show bubble wall motion dominates density perturbations for strong first-order phase transitions while vacuum decay delays dominate for weak ones.

arxiv:2502.20166 v4 · 2025-02-27 · hep-ph · astro-ph.CO · hep-th

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{KU65E6ZST2RQS2YDXPIY5YD2I7}

Prints a linked badge after your title and injects PDF metadata. Compiles on arXiv. Learn more · Embed verified badge

Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

For phase transition strength α > 1, forward motion of bubble walls is the primary source of density perturbation, while for α < 1, the dominant contribution comes from the delay of vacuum decay; the density perturbation power spectrum has slope k^3 at small k and k^{-1.5} at large k; GW spectrum has k^3 and k^{-2}.

C2weakest assumption

The lattice simulations accurately capture the non-linear dynamics of bubble wall motion and vacuum decay without significant numerical artifacts or missing physical effects like friction or plasma interactions.

C3one line summary

3D simulations of cosmological first-order phase transitions find density perturbation spectra with k^3 and k^{-1.5} slopes and GW spectra with k^3 and k^{-2}, confirming slow transitions can produce PBHs.

References

111 extracted · 111 resolved · 43 Pith anchors

[1] As more and more bubbles form and collide, the initially uniform spatial structure is disrupted, resulting in an asymmetric energy distribution

[2] S. W. Hawking, I. G. Moss, and J. M. Stewart, Bubble Collisions in the Very Early Universe, Phys. Rev. D26, 2681 (1982) 1982

[3] M. Crawford and D. N. Schramm, Spontaneous Generation of Density Perturbations in the Early Universe, Nature298, 538 (1982) 1982

[4] H. Kodama, M. Sasaki, and K. Sato, Abundance of Primordial Holes Produced by Cosmological First Order Phase Transition, Prog. Theor. Phys.68, 1979 (1982) 1979

[5] Determining the outcome of cosmic bubble collisions in full General Relativity 2012 · arXiv:1112.4487

Cited by

2 papers in Pith

Curvature Perturbations from First-Order Phase Transitions: Implications to Black Holes and Gravitational Waves

Gravitational Waves from Black Hole Reheating: The Scalar-Induced Component

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-06-12T01:09:07.553637Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

553dd27b329ea3096b03bbd18ee07a47eaa9651c15f737f33f0f5ea6b1a8f42c

Aliases

arxiv: 2502.20166 · arxiv_version: 2502.20166v4 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2502.20166 · pith_short_12: KU65E6ZST2RQ · pith_short_16: KU65E6ZST2RQS2YD · pith_short_8: KU65E6ZS

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/KU65E6ZST2RQS2YDXPIY5YD2I7 \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 553dd27b329ea3096b03bbd18ee07a47eaa9651c15f737f33f0f5ea6b1a8f42c

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "f2e12b5ccf78b4f2fb95328b64ff74ee54a039447c6afd989038d7b41d3f3b4d",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "astro-ph.CO",
      "hep-th"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "hep-ph",
    "submitted_at": "2025-02-27T15:04:55Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "6fa7a1ceb25138038734feb40e71d40d4d0bea0c684d20a6eedf31e474d7bdcf"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2502.20166",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 4
  }
}