Pith Number

pith:LDB5P4KF

pith:2026:LDB5P4KFQKXSBI5JMNZYA435XR

not attested not anchored not stored refs resolved

Comparative assessment of germanium-based spin-qubit modalities: donor, acceptor, gate-defined hole, and gate-defined electron platforms

A. Prem, D.-M. Mei, K.-M. Dong, N. Budhathoki, S. A. Panamaldeniya, S. Bhattarai, S. Chhetri

Gate-defined germanium hole-spin qubits currently lead in electrical controllability, multiqubit demonstrations, and scalability potential compared to donor, acceptor, and electron variants.

arxiv:2605.13680 v1 · 2026-05-13 · quant-ph

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\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{LDB5P4KFQKXSBI5JMNZYA435XR}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

gate-defined Ge hole-spin qubits currently offer the strongest combination of all-electrical control, demonstrated multiqubit operation, and scalability.

C2weakest assumption

The literature values and demonstrated results for each modality are representative and comparable on a common footing; the calibrated reference relaxation rate and geometry-dependent suppression factor in the T1 framework accurately capture real devices without unaccounted parasitic channels.

C3one line summary

Gate-defined hole spin qubits in germanium currently combine the best all-electrical control, demonstrated multiqubit operation, and scalability path among the four modalities compared.

References

51 extracted · 51 resolved · 1 Pith anchors

[1] Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold.Nature, 638(8052):920–926, 2025 2025

[2] Jeroen P. G. van Dijk, Edoardo Charbon, and Fabio Sebastiano. The electronic interface for quantum processors.Microprocessors and Microsystems, 66:90–101, 2019 2019

[3] Zwanenburg, Daniel Loss, Maksym My- ronov, Jian-Jun Zhang, Silvano De Franceschi, Georgios Katsaros, and Menno Veldhorst 2021

[4] L. A. Terrazos, E. Marcellina, Z. Wang, S. N. Coppersmith, M. Friesen, A. R. Hamilton, X. Hu, B. Koiller, A. L. Saraiva, R. B. Capaz, and D. Culcer. Theory of hole-spin qubits in strained germanium qu 2021

[5] Zhanning Wang, Elizabeth Marcellina, Alex. R. Hamilton, James H. Cullen, Sven Rogge, Joe Salfi, and Dimitrie Culcer. Optimal operation points for ultrafast, highly coherent Ge hole spin-orbit qubits.n 2021

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-18T02:44:17.042116Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

58c3d7f14582af20a3a9637380737dbc4a0867ab9c888b547c8fc357a3de3eed

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.13680 · arxiv_version: 2605.13680v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.13680 · pith_short_12: LDB5P4KFQKXS · pith_short_16: LDB5P4KFQKXSBI5J · pith_short_8: LDB5P4KF

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/LDB5P4KFQKXSBI5JMNZYA435XR \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 58c3d7f14582af20a3a9637380737dbc4a0867ab9c888b547c8fc357a3de3eed

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "c3f567db6e7f271a671fc0b2731d5379144790dae581676d41bf03f42b0f946f",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "quant-ph",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-13T15:38:36Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "3d7fe3fb4cab4949a2d550c54dc1773fac73cd5ae6107656221a004faab4ef30"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.13680",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}