Pith Number

pith:N2FRFWKW

pith:2025:N2FRFWKWXP2PJPWKDWXH4ZDR4T

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GIC--Related Observations During the May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm in the United States

A. Pulkkinen, C. C. Balch, C. T. Gaunt, D. Bor, D. Thomas, E. J. Oughton, L. A. Wilkerson, M. J. Wiltberger, R. S. Weigel

Data from the May 2024 geomagnetic storm enable empirical relationships for predicting GIC magnitudes and site correlations across the US power grid.

arxiv:2507.07009 v5 · 2025-07-09 · physics.space-ph

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4 Citations open

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Claims

C1strongest claim

GIC measured and computed by TVA had a correlation coefficient r>0.8 and a prediction efficiency between 0.4 and 0.7; horizontal magnetic field perturbations from three global models had correlations from 0.21 to 0.65; two empirical relationships link GIC site-pair correlations to separation distance, beta scaling, and latitude, and a regression estimates maximum GIC from the product of alpha and beta.

C2weakest assumption

The beta scaling factor is assumed to correctly capture site-to-site differences in ground conductivity, and the 47 GIC sites plus 17 magnetometer sites are taken as sufficiently representative of the contiguous United States for deriving general empirical relationships (abstract, final paragraph).

C3one line summary

Measurements from the May 2024 storm show strong correlation between observed and TVA-computed GICs, moderate model performance for magnetic perturbations, and empirical links between GIC magnitude and factors of separation distance, ground conductivity scaling, and geomagnetic latitude.

References

61 extracted · 61 resolved · 0 Pith anchors

[1] , Pinheiro, F J G 2023 · doi:10.1029/2022sw003397

[2] APACrefauthors \ 1998 1998 · doi:10.1007/s00585-998-0413-2

[3] Balch23 APACrefauthors Balch, C C. , Jing, C. , Kelbert, A. , Arons, P. \ Richardson, K. APACrefauthors \ 2023 . Geoelectric Field Model Validation in the Southern California Edison System: Case Study 2023 · doi:10.1109/ecce53617.2023.10362883

[4] Blake2021 APACrefauthors Blake, S P. , Pulkkinen, A. , Schuck, P W. , Glocer, A. , Oliveira, D M. , Welling, D T. Quaresima, G. APACrefauthors \ 2021 . Recreating the Horizontal Magnetic Field at Cola 2021 · doi:10.1029/2020sw002585

[5] Blake2020 APACrefauthors Blake, S P. , Pulkkinen, A. , Schuck, P W. , Nevanlinna, H. , Reale, O. , Veenadhari, B. \ Mukherjee, S. APACrefauthors \ 2020 . Magnetic Field Measurements From Rome During t 2020 · doi:10.1029/2019ja027336

Formal links

2 machine-checked theorem links

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-26T01:02:27.224305Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

6e8b12d956bbf4f4beca1dae7e6471e4c6ad91e27c4b3a5a17ce1a494b96085b

Aliases

arxiv: 2507.07009 · arxiv_version: 2507.07009v5 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2507.07009 · pith_short_12: N2FRFWKWXP2P · pith_short_16: N2FRFWKWXP2PJPWK · pith_short_8: N2FRFWKW

Agent API

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/N2FRFWKWXP2PJPWKDWXH4ZDR4T \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 6e8b12d956bbf4f4beca1dae7e6471e4c6ad91e27c4b3a5a17ce1a494b96085b

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "d699ca03f3c0c5dc0e3d5ac0930d405a970f62208cda801bc45accbaf532e7d1",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "physics.space-ph",
    "submitted_at": "2025-07-09T16:37:02Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "da2ba2d89ed8de9ed083fd2ac5861a35e05e5600d0c5e4b1990162f5898c12ac"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2507.07009",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 5
  }
}