Pith Number

pith:N2NPBHAR

pith:2026:N2NPBHARPOTFBFKIN2L2UV7ECG

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Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls

Anish Ghoshal, Utkarsh Kumar

First-order tensor perturbations from phase transitions and domain walls induce second-order curvature that forms primordial black holes able to comprise all dark matter.

arxiv:2605.15197 v1 · 2026-05-14 · astro-ph.CO

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Claims

C1strongest claim

We present a novel gauge-invariant and minimal formation mechanism of primordial black holes (PBHs) in first-order phase transition (FOPT) and domain walls (DW) separately. This is based on the first-order tensor perturbations, generated during FOPT from bubble collisions & sound waves, and from DW annihilation, sourcing curvature, at second-order in perturbation theory.

C2weakest assumption

The assumption that first-order tensor perturbations from bubble collisions/sound waves and domain wall annihilation source second-order curvature perturbations whose amplitude is sufficient for PBH formation without significant backreaction or higher-order corrections, and that the standard PBH collapse threshold applies directly to these induced fluctuations.

C3one line summary

Tensor perturbations from first-order phase transitions and domain wall annihilation induce curvature fluctuations at second order that form primordial black holes, allowing asteroid-mass PBHs to comprise all dark matter for specific parameter ranges with associated gravitational wave peaks in LISA,

References

298 extracted · 298 resolved · 119 Pith anchors

[1] First-order Phase Transition The first-orderP ζ generated due to FOPT, following [288]13,P ζ ∝k 3 on super-horizon scales, can be approximated asP ζ as Pζ(k) =A α 1 +α 2 (k/kmax)3(β/Hn)−3 [a+ (k/k max

[2] Domain Walls The primary power spectrum arising due to domain walls can be expressed as [231, 291]: Pϕ(k) = B2 2π2k8 = kB k 8 ,(C3) with B= 2 3 2 π 5 2 a2 i G2σ2 3η2 i .(C4) with i representing some i

[3] First-order Phase Transition Bubbles (FOPT) During cosmogical strong FOPT bubble collide and lead to GW formation from collission as well as from the sound wabes in the plasma outside the bubbles. A t

[4] One may consider a minimal model of Dirac neutrino seesaw mass generation which also accommodates Dirac leptogenesis, 29 following Ref 2023

[5] A. G. Cohen, D. B. Kaplan, and A. E. Nelson, Phys. Lett. B245, 561 (1990) 1990

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Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-17T21:40:25.007445Z
Last reissued	2026-05-17T21:57:18.404928Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	unsigned_v0
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

6e9af09c117ba65095486e97aa57e411acc3124a01ee62d8bd00a0f5ae677b88

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.15197 · arxiv_version: 2605.15197v1 · pith_short_12: N2NPBHARPOTF · pith_short_16: N2NPBHARPOTFBFKI · pith_short_8: N2NPBHAR

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curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/N2NPBHARPOTFBFKIN2L2UV7ECG \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 6e9af09c117ba65095486e97aa57e411acc3124a01ee62d8bd00a0f5ae677b88

Canonical record JSON

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    "abstract_canon_sha256": "82aa94b45f49e819972b7223d646e41e918e7f767c9d9f65838f05bdedfb2db9",
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    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "astro-ph.CO",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-14T17:59:55Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "9ce8152295ada02a41b1e3f1f3e7f56ae33141b61ff06a2e427da74853d08e2a"
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