Pith Number

pith:PRYPKNUF

pith:2026:PRYPKNUFFIAZ3LPEWFWXQLKSQ5

not attested not anchored not stored refs resolved

A stellar bar hidden in an extreme gas-rich disk galaxy at z=4.055

Alejandro Crespo G\'omez, Arjan Bik, Axel Weiss, Cheng-Lin Liao, Emanuele Daddi, Fabian Walter, Georgios E. Magdis, Hannah \"Ubler, Jacqueline A. Hodge, Joss Bland-Hawthorn, Leindert A. Boogaard, Luca Costantin, Luis Colina, Mahmoud Hamed, Oscar Agertz, Pablo G. P\'erez-Gonz\'alez, Thor Tepper-Garc\'ia

A stellar bar has formed in a gas-rich disk galaxy at z=4.055, showing bars can develop rapidly despite high gas content.

arxiv:2605.15273 v1 · 2026-05-14 · astro-ph.GA · astro-ph.CO

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{PRYPKNUFFIAZ3LPEWFWXQLKSQ5}

Prints a linked badge after your title and injects PDF metadata. Compiles on arXiv. Learn more · Embed verified badge

Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

This discovery demonstrates that gas-rich disks do support rapid stellar bar formation in the early Universe, motivating a new theoretical perspective on bar formation in gas-rich systems, and providing a potential new mechanism for very early galaxy assembly and quenching.

C2weakest assumption

The identification of the observed central structure as a stellar bar and the accuracy of the baryon (70+/-30%) and gas (75+/-25%) mass fractions derived from simultaneous JWST observations of stars, gas, and dust (abstract, paragraphs describing the detection and mass estimates).

C3one line summary

A stellar bar is detected in the gas-rich galaxy GN20 at z=4.055, showing that gas-rich disks can support rapid stellar bar formation in the early universe.

References

100 extracted · 100 resolved · 4 Pith anchors

[1] 2000, A&A, 361, 841 2000

[2] Amvrosiadis, A., Lange, S., Nightingale, J. W., et al. 2025, MNRAS, 537, 1163, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf048 2025 · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf048

[3] 2024, A&A, 682, A24, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202347281 2024 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347281

[4] Argyriou, I., Glasse, A., Law, D. R., et al. 2023, A&A, 675, A111, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202346489 2023 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346489

[5] Athanassoula, E., Machado, R. E. G., & Rodionov, S. A. 2013, MNRAS, 429, 1949, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sts452 2013 · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts452

Formal links

2 machine-checked theorem links

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-20T00:00:50.106125Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

7c70f536852a019dade4b16d782d52876f641bb3c79ff190fdbd969a950e45fc

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.15273 · arxiv_version: 2605.15273v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.15273 · pith_short_12: PRYPKNUFFIAZ · pith_short_16: PRYPKNUFFIAZ3LPE · pith_short_8: PRYPKNUF

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/PRYPKNUFFIAZ3LPEWFWXQLKSQ5 \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 7c70f536852a019dade4b16d782d52876f641bb3c79ff190fdbd969a950e45fc

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "42ffaca604f3697e3730dbb375ca9d44e59758e01c91bb02d887fe12c8bf93a2",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "astro-ph.CO"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "astro-ph.GA",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-14T18:00:02Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "355f61699ae5934183a1b0daa26f8b9f1ae3beab77c8a329727a99d57237dd7e"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.15273",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}