Pith Number

pith:Q2S3CKO6

pith:2026:Q2S3CKO6UGYK3EWVOLK3BB75JG

not attested not anchored not stored refs resolved

Volumetric Optical Scattering Neural Networks

Enbo Yang, Hao Wang, Huigao Duan, Joel K.W. Yang, Lei Chen, Qiang Song, Weiwei Cai, Xuhao Luo, Yueqiang Hu, Zhipei Sun

Densely packed scatterers form a volumetric optical neural network reaching 94.8 percent MNIST accuracy

arxiv:2605.13177 v1 · 2026-05-13 · physics.optics

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\pithnumber{Q2S3CKO6UGYK3EWVOLK3BB75JG}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

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The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

the fabricated classifier achieves 94.8% blind-test accuracy on MNIST, while the imager performs optical compressed imaging with a 1-μm effective resolution and average FSIM values of 0.93 on Fashion-MNIST and 0.91 on VesselMNIST3D

C2weakest assumption

that the first-Born approximation remains valid for the densely packed scatterers and that the inverse-design optimization produces a physical structure whose measured performance matches the simulated prediction

C3one line summary

A monolithic 3D volume of weak scatterers realizes an optical neural network with 10^9 neurons per cubic millimeter, delivering 94.8 percent MNIST accuracy and 1-micron-resolution compressed imaging.

References

2 extracted · 2 resolved · 0 Pith anchors

[1] These obstacles suggest that sustaining the current pace of AI advancement will necessitate exploring alternative computing paradigms 2017

[2] We further characterized the spatial resolution of the imager using a custom - designed resolution chart 2015

Formal links

2 machine-checked theorem links

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-18T03:08:56.461554Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

86a5b129dea1b0ad92d572d5b087fd4985a84b0268ee9868db450851ac3bfcf8

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.13177 · arxiv_version: 2605.13177v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.13177 · pith_short_12: Q2S3CKO6UGYK · pith_short_16: Q2S3CKO6UGYK3EWV · pith_short_8: Q2S3CKO6

Agent API

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/Q2S3CKO6UGYK3EWVOLK3BB75JG \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 86a5b129dea1b0ad92d572d5b087fd4985a84b0268ee9868db450851ac3bfcf8

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "3ad4a5d8530e38eec9732c6520aa31c33547399726fca1ce18d0010dc8de595b",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "physics.optics",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-13T08:38:54Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "aa4413e0551a125edab53c08adfed0dc2177a25e10c7af4dbd2965cca6d950bc"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.13177",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}