Pith Number

pith:QTB3RM6E

pith:2026:QTB3RM6ECUZBLHZBHPS6EVBLTJ

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Quantitative Pulse Shape-Instability Analysis Using 2D-Runs FROG

Abinash Das, Bilol Banerjee, E. P. Duchrist Crews, Pedram Abdolghader, Rana Jafari, Rick Trebino

A two-dimensional runs test applied to differences between measured and retrieved FROG traces yields a parameter R that quantifies pulse-shape instability in a train.

arxiv:2604.24359 v1 · 2026-04-27 · physics.optics · physics.atom-ph

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Claims

C1strongest claim

We now introduce an instability parameter, R. It involves the use of the well-known statistical Runs test... extended to two dimensions to enumerate 2D runs hills and valleys in the difference between measured and retrieved 2D FROG traces.

C2weakest assumption

That non-random discrepancies between measured and retrieved FROG traces are caused by physical pulse-shape instability rather than algorithmic stagnation or other artifacts, which rests on the prior claim that the RANA algorithm remains highly reliable for unstable trains.

C3one line summary

A 2D extension of the statistical runs test defines an instability parameter R from systematic discrepancies in multi-shot SHG FROG traces after reliable RANA retrieval.

References

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[1] L. Curtis Foster, M. D. Ewy, C. Burton Crumly; Laser mode locking by an external doppler cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1 January 1965; 6 (1): 6–8. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1754124 1965 · doi:10.1063/1.1754124

[2] L. E. Hargrove, R. L. Fork, M. A. Pollack; Locking of he–ne laser modes induced by synchronous intracavity modulation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1 July 1964; 5 (1): 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1754025 1964 · doi:10.1063/1.1754025

[3] Amnon Yariv; Internal Modulation in Multimode Laser Oscillators. J. Appl. Phys. 1 February 1965; 36 (2): 388 –391. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1713999 1965 · doi:10.1063/1.1713999

[4] Pulse evolution in a broad-bandwidth Ti:sapphire laser 1994 · doi:10.1364/ol.19.001149

[5] Sub-10-fs operation of Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers 1996 · doi:10.1364/ol.21.001493

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-28T21:07:02.020042Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

84c3b8b3c41532159f213be5e2542b9a427bf651045af414c47aef27b0877bd7

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.24359 · arxiv_version: 2604.24359v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.24359 · pith_short_12: QTB3RM6ECUZB · pith_short_16: QTB3RM6ECUZBLHZB · pith_short_8: QTB3RM6E

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/QTB3RM6ECUZBLHZBHPS6EVBLTJ \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 84c3b8b3c41532159f213be5e2542b9a427bf651045af414c47aef27b0877bd7

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "99060d698da7896894f98545d46c31e5ab3489200724c3f9f91457469aeb3993",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "physics.atom-ph"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "physics.optics",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-27T11:51:52Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "f765d17073b2878664777d20fcc6927f474907de1634a71385d63039802c6804"
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  "source": {
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    "kind": "arxiv",
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}