Pith Number

pith:RQKZDCSK

pith:2026:RQKZDCSKFHJBDHHWJXDKKLEN3P

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Resource-Element Energy Difference for Noncoherent Over-the-Air Federated Learning

Hao Chen, Zavareh Bozorgasl

REED recovers signed model updates from energy differences on two orthogonal resources without needing instantaneous channel state information.

arxiv:2605.07263 v2 · 2026-05-08 · eess.SP · cs.AI · cs.DC · cs.LG · stat.ML

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{RQKZDCSKFHJBDHHWJXDKKLEN3P}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

REED is unbiased for the desired signed sum and admits an exact closed-form variance under Rayleigh fading. We incorporate REED into full-participation FedAvg and prove a smooth nonconvex stationarity bound... yielding the canonical (1/sqrt(T)) stationarity rate.

C2weakest assumption

The analysis and experiments rely on Rayleigh fading, slow-timescale average channel power calibration, an average per-client energy budget, and either IID or moderate heterogeneity on MNIST/Fashion-MNIST; the stationarity bound assumes the aggregation gain can be scheduled to make the REED perturbation scale quadratically with the local stepsize.

C3one line summary

REED enables unbiased noncoherent signed aggregation in OTA-FL via energy differences on orthogonal resources, achieving closed-form variance under Rayleigh fading and standard (1/sqrt(T)) convergence in FedAvg.

Formal links

2 machine-checked theorem links

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-20T00:05:46.456144Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

8c15918a4a29d2119cf64dc6a52c8ddbe1786f3a84b256e6eda5f0ed3149a519

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.07263 · arxiv_version: 2605.07263v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263 · pith_short_12: RQKZDCSKFHJB · pith_short_16: RQKZDCSKFHJBDHHW · pith_short_8: RQKZDCSK

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/RQKZDCSKFHJBDHHWJXDKKLEN3P \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 8c15918a4a29d2119cf64dc6a52c8ddbe1786f3a84b256e6eda5f0ed3149a519

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "ec7dca3d7bb46b849cf6cbf403f3e3c430cb80a4b0a008c0e25e7049f3acbd0c",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.AI",
      "cs.DC",
      "cs.LG",
      "stat.ML"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "eess.SP",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-08T05:29:14Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "77ddae0839a36c67dbfdad95e8fd8d6e0d3b3f547c3ff96c3cae89f6776a09f7"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.07263",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}