Pith Number

pith:WIAKR7CR

pith:2026:WIAKR7CR4PHOAWDYCTMNO7FPBJ

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Icy Volatile Enhancements in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks

Elizabeth Yunerman, Ellen Price, Karin \"Oberg

In evolving protoplanetary disks, particle drift and advection enhance hypervolatile ices relative to water by up to 100 times beyond their ice lines, producing solid C/O and N/O ratios near 1.

arxiv:2604.14124 v1 · 2026-04-15 · astro-ph.EP

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Claims

C1strongest claim

The outcome of these combined relative icy enhancement to H2O mechanisms is solid C/O ∼ N/O ∼1 beyond the hypervolatile ice lines, much higher than expected in static disks. Hypervolatiles (N2, CO, and CH4) robustly increase to ∼100× across the explored parameter space, while mid-volatiles (CO2 and NH3) are sensitive to model choices, with enhancements ranging from ∼2-50×.

C2weakest assumption

That the core drift, advection, and desorption/adsorption mechanisms from the Price et al. 2021 base model continue to dominate when additional carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen species and more particle sizes are included, without new processes altering the reported enhancements.

C3one line summary

Evolving protoplanetary disks produce solid C/O and N/O ratios near 1 beyond hypervolatile ice lines, with hypervolatile enhancements up to 100 times higher than static disk models due to drift and advection.

References

3 extracted · 3 resolved · 0 Pith anchors

[1] A’Hearn, M. F., Feaga, L. M., Keller, H. U., et al. 2012, ApJ, 758, 29, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/758/1/29 Altwegg, K., Balsiger, H., & Fuselier, S. A. 2019, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 57, 113, doi: 2012 · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/758/1/29

[2] adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973A%26A....24..337S/abstract Siess, L., Dufour, E., & Forestini, M 2000

[3] https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&A...358..593S Simon, A., Rajappan, M., & Öberg, K. I. 2023, The Astrophysical Journal, 955, 5, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aceaf8 Sirono, S.-i., & Kudo, D. 2021, The 2023 · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aceaf8

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-06-05T01:15:23.580217Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

b200a8fc51e3cee0587814d8d77caf0a648a68ec9fd760eb873200f0207483d3

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.14124 · arxiv_version: 2604.14124v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.14124 · pith_short_12: WIAKR7CR4PHO · pith_short_16: WIAKR7CR4PHOAWDY · pith_short_8: WIAKR7CR

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/WIAKR7CR4PHOAWDYCTMNO7FPBJ \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: b200a8fc51e3cee0587814d8d77caf0a648a68ec9fd760eb873200f0207483d3

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "ee7af4d526634d6fb7d5bb19cbb7b509ed4ac5bf93af7b0fcc4fb5ca4c4befbf",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "astro-ph.EP",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-15T17:49:26Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "8b50f8c4ed13d10723779f9e3a275188a94571fcbac0b61b043e965781091ee2"
  },
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  "source": {
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    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}