Pith Number

pith:WNBYGJBU

pith:2026:WNBYGJBUT3JPCDEXJ3CMRWYMEB

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Who Gets Flagged? The Pluralistic Evaluation Gap in AI Content Watermarking

Alexander Nemecek, Erman Ayday, Osama Zafar, Wenbiao Li, Yuqiao Xu

AI content watermarking produces unequal detection rates across languages, cultures, and demographic groups because its signals depend on varying content statistics.

arxiv:2604.13776 v2 · 2026-04-15 · cs.CY · cs.CL · cs.CR · cs.CV

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{WNBYGJBUT3JPCDEXJ3CMRWYMEB}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

watermarking is held to a lower fairness standard than the generative systems it is meant to govern.

C2weakest assumption

That watermark signal strength, detectability, and robustness depend on statistical properties of the content that vary systematically across languages, cultural visual traditions, and demographic groups.

C3one line summary

AI content watermarking exhibits detection disparities across languages, cultures, and demographics due to content-dependent signal properties, with benchmarks failing to disaggregate performance and watermarking held to lower fairness standards than generative models.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-06-10T01:10:01.229689Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

b3438324349ed2f10c974ec4c8db0c20704b236fc50b07fc9d62561912e448d1

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.13776 · arxiv_version: 2604.13776v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.13776 · pith_short_12: WNBYGJBUT3JP · pith_short_16: WNBYGJBUT3JPCDEX · pith_short_8: WNBYGJBU

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/WNBYGJBUT3JPCDEXJ3CMRWYMEB \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: b3438324349ed2f10c974ec4c8db0c20704b236fc50b07fc9d62561912e448d1

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "3038bc7ad91e45f0f4e83819338242f4e3458a9e4f078d876706ae4825b012a0",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.CL",
      "cs.CR",
      "cs.CV"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.CY",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-15T12:06:56Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "41300afebdc0a807e60223483926e1ffe1065b8f768a371426c3d6a3bc5d6b99"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2604.13776",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}