Pith Number

pith:X6TD6OMV

pith:2026:X6TD6OMVUJJU2NFNM3TOG7HRI4

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Batch Effects In Brain Foundation Model Embeddings

Anand D. Sarwate, Bradley T. Baker, Sandeep Panta, Sergey Plis, Vince D. Calhoun, Ye Tao, Yu Wu

Foundation model embeddings from brain scans encode substantial batch effects that often dominate diagnosis signals.

arxiv:2604.14441 v2 · 2026-04-15 · eess.SP

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\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{X6TD6OMVUJJU2NFNM3TOG7HRI4}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

Our results show that foundation model embeddings encode substantial batch-related variability, often dominating diagnosis-related information across heterogeneous datasets.

C2weakest assumption

The evaluation framework and chosen metrics correctly isolate batch effects from biologically meaningful signals without the framework itself introducing or amplifying site-specific artifacts.

C3one line summary

Embeddings from BrainLM and SwiFT foundation models encode substantial batch-related variability that frequently overshadows diagnosis signals in multi-site fMRI datasets.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-06-09T02:08:42.332869Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

bfa63f3995a2534d34ad66e6e37cf147102cda8ae2ef4aac1ea7d371702dca01

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.14441 · arxiv_version: 2604.14441v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.14441 · pith_short_12: X6TD6OMVUJJU · pith_short_16: X6TD6OMVUJJU2NFN · pith_short_8: X6TD6OMV

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/X6TD6OMVUJJU2NFNM3TOG7HRI4 \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: bfa63f3995a2534d34ad66e6e37cf147102cda8ae2ef4aac1ea7d371702dca01

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "360c17bc47bc8b236be208f86d657b085b886f71623230c2b8eb584e0466a531",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "eess.SP",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-15T21:33:03Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "9ced49be8bd76810066158751d779249c7dec77ebc375e53c72c373c79bfed9f"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2604.14441",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}