Pith Number

pith:Z3KGVQAS

pith:2026:Z3KGVQASA4FD2FPQIUJLJQXHIW

not attested not anchored not stored refs resolved

Massive Galaxies Form Early and Gray: Stellar Assembly and Dust Attenuation at $\mathbf{z>3.5}$ from CAPERS

Adam C. Carnall, Alexa M. Morales, Anthony J. Taylor, Anton M. Koekemoer, Bren E. Backhaus, Callum T. Donnan, Casey Papovich, Davide Bevacqua, Derek J. McLeod, Jed McKinney, Jorge A. Zavala, Kartheik G. Iyer, Katherine Chworowsky, Laura Sommovigo, Lu Shen, L. Y. Aaron Yung, Mark Dickinson, Mauro Giavalisco, Michaela Hirschmann, \'Oscar Ch\'avez Ortiz, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Pablo G. P\'erez-Gonz\'alez, Rachel S. Somerville, Ray A. Lucas, Rebecca L. Larson, Stephen M. Wilkins, Steven L. Finkelstein, the CAPERS Collaboration, Thomas M. Stanton, Xin Wang

Massive galaxies at z greater than 3.5 assembled their stars earlier than current models predict, with the largest ones showing gray dust attenuation.

arxiv:2605.13966 v1 · 2026-05-13 · astro-ph.GA

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\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{Z3KGVQASA4FD2FPQIUJLJQXHIW}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

Inferred assembly times are systematically earlier than model predictions, suggesting more rapid early growth than currently captured theoretically.

C2weakest assumption

The joint spectro-photometric SED fitting with flexible SFH and dust models accurately recovers true formation timescales without major degeneracies from broadband photometry.

C3one line summary

Massive galaxies at z>3.5 assembled stars earlier than theoretical models predict and exhibit gray dust attenuation, especially at the highest masses.

References

138 extracted · 138 resolved · 59 Pith anchors

[1] 2020, ARA&A, 58, 529, doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021933 2001 · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021933

[2] P., Rodriguez Montero, F., et al · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.01795

[3] Learning the Universe: Physically Motivated Priors for Dust Attenuation Curves. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/addec1 , archivePrefix =. 2502.13240 , primaryClass = · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/addec1

[4] F., Kramer M., 2008, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14045.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.391.2009K 391 2008 · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13805.x

[5] Mock light-cones and theory friendly catalogues for the CANDELS survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab231 , archivePrefix =. 2102.00108 , primaryClass = · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab231

Formal links

2 machine-checked theorem links

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-17T23:39:13.550499Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

ced46ac012070a3d15f04512b4c2e745b754539363bea41e3ee10c598efd6ad7

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.13966 · arxiv_version: 2605.13966v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.13966 · pith_short_12: Z3KGVQASA4FD · pith_short_16: Z3KGVQASA4FD2FPQ · pith_short_8: Z3KGVQAS

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/Z3KGVQASA4FD2FPQIUJLJQXHIW \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: ced46ac012070a3d15f04512b4c2e745b754539363bea41e3ee10c598efd6ad7

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "c74cb62ce1b1cb674021f2247f68d51f8921ba99f432ef43443f02957cdafa06",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "astro-ph.GA",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-13T18:00:04Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "599bd594f2e1ef320c191c0b8fd9acc173c7305f8f1bfe852bc53f6c5490bf42"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.13966",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}