A binomial multibit watermarking scheme encodes every payload bit at each LLM token with dynamic redirection, outperforming baselines in accuracy and robustness for large payloads.
Scalable watermarking for identifying large language model outputs.Nature, 634(8035):818–823
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ArcMark is a multi-byte LLM watermark that achieves distortion-free embedding of several bytes per few hundred tokens by treating generation as a channel coding problem and using optimal transport to match distributions.
Derives matched converse and achievability bounds that characterize optimal trade-offs among false-alarm probability, detection error probability, distortion, and information rate for multi-bit watermarking of stationary ergodic stochastic processes.
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Every Bit, Everywhere, All at Once: A Binomial Multibit LLM Watermark
A binomial multibit watermarking scheme encodes every payload bit at each LLM token with dynamic redirection, outperforming baselines in accuracy and robustness for large payloads.
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ArcMark: Distortion-Free Multi-Byte LLM Watermark via Optimal Transport
ArcMark is a multi-byte LLM watermark that achieves distortion-free embedding of several bytes per few hundred tokens by treating generation as a channel coding problem and using optimal transport to match distributions.
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Fundamental Trade-Offs in Multi-Bit Watermarking of Stochastic Processes
Derives matched converse and achievability bounds that characterize optimal trade-offs among false-alarm probability, detection error probability, distortion, and information rate for multi-bit watermarking of stationary ergodic stochastic processes.