Accounting for the minimal mass spread of primordial black holes from gravitational collapse suppresses the Poltergeist GW background to the level of generic scalar-induced signals and reopens ultra-light PBH parameter space.
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The recent gravitational wave observation by pulsar timing arrays and primordial black holes: the importance of non-gaussianities
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abstract
We study whether the signal seen by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) may originate from gravitational waves (GWs) induced by large primordial perturbations. Such perturbations may be accompanied by a sizeable primordial black hole (PBH) abundance. We improve existing analyses and show that PBH overproduction disfavors Gaussian scenarios for scalar-induced GWs at 2{\sigma} and single-field inflationary scenarios, accounting for non-Gaussianity, at 3{\sigma} as the explanation of the most constraining NANOGrav 15-year data. This tension can be relaxed in models where non-Gaussianites suppress the PBH abundance. On the flip side, the PTA data does not constrain the abundance of PBHs.
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representative citing papers
The work shows that free-streaming dark radiation isocurvature produces a qualitatively different gravitational wave spectrum than cold dark matter isocurvature and derives constraints on isocurvature power spectra around 10^6 Mpc^{-1} from NANOGrav data.
Scalar metric perturbations after inflation break conformal invariance and induce quantum production of gravitons, generating a GW spectrum that peaks near GHz frequencies for standard primordial scalar power spectra.
Shape dispersion around the average peak profile is a genuine statistical ingredient: rare deformed curvature profiles can dominate primordial black hole formation when the power spectrum is broad or non-Gaussianity is negative.
Curvaton self-interactions in non-quadratic potentials produce a local non-Gaussian map that enables supermassive primordial black hole formation at peak amplitudes of order 10^{-5} while remaining consistent with μ-distortion bounds.
Supersymmetry with heavy particles above ~10^5 GeV enhances asteroid-mass PBH production via transient equation-of-state softening, allowing them to comprise all dark matter unlike in the Standard Model.
A phenomenological dipole anisotropy in primordial perturbations induces dipolar and quadrupolar anisotropies in SIGW energy density spectra, producing frequency-dependent PTA overlap reduction functions that depend on pulsar sky distribution, but NANOGrav 15-year data yields no significant evidence
Extends diagrammatic approach for scalar-induced gravitational waves to arbitrary-order local PNG, deriving semi-analytic spectra for energy density, anisotropies, bispectrum and trispectrum up to quartic terms.
EDE models increase inferred α_s from CMB data, strengthening tension with USR PBH models that predict negative running.
A transient parity-violating phase during inflation generates a robust blue-tilted (n_T ≃ 2) primordial gravitational wave spectrum at small scales with nearly maximal helicity coherence and linear polarization, offering a cosmological template for PTA data distinct from astrophysical sources.
For tachyonic models with ζ=A(φ²−σ²), the PBH abundance is exponentially set by the correlation ρ between field and radial gradient; narrow spectra drive ρ→−1 and suppress PBH formation without killing the induced GW signal.
Constrains inflationary tensor parameters to fit the EPTA DR2 signal under CMB, BBN and LVK bounds, favoring radiation-era horizon re-entry but requiring low reheating temperatures.
citing papers explorer
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Gravitational Waves from Black Hole Reheating: The Scalar-Induced Component
Accounting for the minimal mass spread of primordial black holes from gravitational collapse suppresses the Poltergeist GW background to the level of generic scalar-induced signals and reopens ultra-light PBH parameter space.
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Isocurvature Induced Gravitational Waves at Pulsar Timing Arrays
The work shows that free-streaming dark radiation isocurvature produces a qualitatively different gravitational wave spectrum than cold dark matter isocurvature and derives constraints on isocurvature power spectra around 10^6 Mpc^{-1} from NANOGrav data.
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Quantum production of gravitational waves after inflation
Scalar metric perturbations after inflation break conformal invariance and induce quantum production of gravitons, generating a GW spectrum that peaks near GHz frequencies for standard primordial scalar power spectra.
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The statistics of curvature-profile dispersion in primordial black hole formation
Shape dispersion around the average peak profile is a genuine statistical ingredient: rare deformed curvature profiles can dominate primordial black hole formation when the power spectrum is broad or non-Gaussianity is negative.
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Memoirs of the curvaton: non-perturbative non-Gaussianity and supermassive primordial black holes
Curvaton self-interactions in non-quadratic potentials produce a local non-Gaussian map that enables supermassive primordial black hole formation at peak amplitudes of order 10^{-5} while remaining consistent with μ-distortion bounds.
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Asteroid-mass Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter from Supersymmetry
Supersymmetry with heavy particles above ~10^5 GeV enhances asteroid-mass PBH production via transient equation-of-state softening, allowing them to comprise all dark matter unlike in the Standard Model.
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Exploring the statistical anisotropy of primordial curvature perturbations with pulsar timing arrays
A phenomenological dipole anisotropy in primordial perturbations induces dipolar and quadrupolar anisotropies in SIGW energy density spectra, producing frequency-dependent PTA overlap reduction functions that depend on pulsar sky distribution, but NANOGrav 15-year data yields no significant evidence
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Isotropy, anisotropies and non-Gaussianity in the scalar-induced gravitational-wave background: diagrammatic approach for primordial non-Gaussianity up to arbitrary order
Extends diagrammatic approach for scalar-induced gravitational waves to arbitrary-order local PNG, deriving semi-analytic spectra for energy density, anisotropies, bispectrum and trispectrum up to quartic terms.
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Running into tension: primordial black holes from ultra-slow-roll inflation, spectral running, and the Hubble tension
EDE models increase inferred α_s from CMB data, strengthening tension with USR PBH models that predict negative running.
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Transient Parity Violation during Inflation: Implications for PTA Gravitational Waves
A transient parity-violating phase during inflation generates a robust blue-tilted (n_T ≃ 2) primordial gravitational wave spectrum at small scales with nearly maximal helicity coherence and linear polarization, offering a cosmological template for PTA data distinct from astrophysical sources.
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Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability: Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves
For tachyonic models with ζ=A(φ²−σ²), the PBH abundance is exponentially set by the correlation ρ between field and radial gradient; narrow spectra drive ρ→−1 and suppress PBH formation without killing the induced GW signal.
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Inflationary interpretation of the gravitational-wave signal in the European Pulsar Timing Array DR2 with constraints
Constrains inflationary tensor parameters to fit the EPTA DR2 signal under CMB, BBN and LVK bounds, favoring radiation-era horizon re-entry but requiring low reheating temperatures.