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Efficient softmax approximation for GPUs

2 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.

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abstract

We propose an approximate strategy to efficiently train neural network based language models over very large vocabularies. Our approach, called adaptive softmax, circumvents the linear dependency on the vocabulary size by exploiting the unbalanced word distribution to form clusters that explicitly minimize the expectation of computation time. Our approach further reduces the computational time by exploiting the specificities of modern architectures and matrix-matrix vector operations, making it particularly suited for graphical processing units. Our experiments carried out on standard benchmarks, such as EuroParl and One Billion Word, show that our approach brings a large gain in efficiency over standard approximations while achieving an accuracy close to that of the full softmax. The code of our method is available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/adaptive-softmax.

fields

cs.CL 1 cs.LG 1

years

2026 1 2019 1

verdicts

UNVERDICTED 2

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representative citing papers

BrahmicTokenizer-131K: An Indic-Capable Drop-In Replacement for o200k_base

cs.CL · 2026-05-28 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

BrahmicTokenizer-131K is a 131K-vocab tokenizer constructed via script-prune crop and linear-programming retrofit to o200k_base, achieving 26.7% fewer tokens on Indic text while matching o200k_base on English fertility and outperforming alternatives on code/math benchmarks.

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Showing 2 of 2 citing papers after filters.

  • BrahmicTokenizer-131K: An Indic-Capable Drop-In Replacement for o200k_base cs.CL · 2026-05-28 · unverdicted · none · ref 17 · internal anchor

    BrahmicTokenizer-131K is a 131K-vocab tokenizer constructed via script-prune crop and linear-programming retrofit to o200k_base, achieving 26.7% fewer tokens on Indic text while matching o200k_base on English fertility and outperforming alternatives on code/math benchmarks.

  • Compressive Transformers for Long-Range Sequence Modelling cs.LG · 2019-11-13 · unverdicted · none · ref 69 · internal anchor

    Compressive Transformer sets new records on WikiText-103 (17.1 ppl) and Enwik8 (0.97 bpc) via memory compression and introduces the PG-19 long-range language benchmark.