Abundant early heavy seeds plus frequent mergers produce the massive black holes seen by JWST at z>9 and yield about four LISA events per year at z>=8.
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2026 3representative citing papers
Lenient heavy-seed models in BRAHMA simulations produce black hole merger rates above 100 per year and near-unity occupation fractions down to low-mass galaxies, while strict models yield only about 1 merger per year and occupation fractions below 10 percent for galaxies under 10^8 solar masses.
Simulations show heavy-seed formation with BH-BH mergers or Bondi accretion under weak feedback can assemble 10^6-10^7 solar mass black holes at z greater than or equal to 9.
citing papers explorer
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First results of AMBRA: Abundant Seeds and Early Mergers as a Pathway to the First Massive Black Holes
Abundant early heavy seeds plus frequent mergers produce the massive black holes seen by JWST at z>9 and yield about four LISA events per year at z>=8.
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Supermassive Black Hole Assembly from Heavy Seeds with Dynamical Friction in the BRAHMA Simulations: Implications for JWST, LISA, and the Local Universe
Lenient heavy-seed models in BRAHMA simulations produce black hole merger rates above 100 per year and near-unity occupation fractions down to low-mass galaxies, while strict models yield only about 1 merger per year and occupation fractions below 10 percent for galaxies under 10^8 solar masses.
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Learning the Universe at High Redshifts: Impact of Accretion Modeling on Early Black Hole Growth
Simulations show heavy-seed formation with BH-BH mergers or Bondi accretion under weak feedback can assemble 10^6-10^7 solar mass black holes at z greater than or equal to 9.