In magnetically dominated relativistic collisionless plasmas, Alfvén and slow modes follow anisotropic Goldreich-Sridhar scaling, fast modes are isotropic with larger kinetic energy fraction, and dynamic alignment weakens near kinetic scales due to thermal fluctuations.
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An a posteriori framework implemented in PyMHD estimates numerical dissipation in Alfvénic, dynamo, and MRI-driven MHD turbulence, showing it has distinct spectral and anisotropic properties from physical dissipation.
Curvature acceleration in strong Alfvénic turbulence saturates due to diminishing energy exchange efficiency, producing particle distributions f(p) ∝ p^{-3} (non-relativistic) and f(γ) ∝ γ^{-3} (ultrarelativistic).
Coherent structures that self-consistently emerge in strong MHD turbulence serve as the dominant sites for localized electric-field intensification and repeated particle acceleration across cosmic plasmas.
A review summarizing pitfalls in older CR-MHD models and progress toward more rigorous treatments that connect microphysical CR scales to galactic dynamics.
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Distributions of particles accelerated by strong Alfv\'enic turbulence
Curvature acceleration in strong Alfvénic turbulence saturates due to diminishing energy exchange efficiency, producing particle distributions f(p) ∝ p^{-3} (non-relativistic) and f(γ) ∝ γ^{-3} (ultrarelativistic).