A dark SU(2) phase transition can produce monopole dark matter, make the axion heavy via the Witten effect, and generate nanohertz gravitational waves matching PTA hints.
Dissipation of axion energy via the Schwinger and Witten effects
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abstract
In the presence of an anomalous CP phase in a U(1) gauge theory, a monopole becomes a dyon via the Witten effect. When the anomalous CP phase is promoted to a dynamical field, the axion, the electric charge of the dyon changes according to the coherent motion of the axion oscillation. Once the electric charge exceeds a certain threshold, the Schwinger pair production of charged particles becomes efficient near the surface of the dyon. These non-perturbative effects lead to the back reaction of the axion dynamics by causing the dissipation of the axion oscillation energy and the change of the effective potential due to the Witten effect. Taking these effects into account, we consider the dynamics of the whole system, including the axion, monopole, and charged heavy vector bosons, and discuss to what extent the axion abundance is modified. We also discuss the electric dipole radiation from a bound state of a monopole-anti-monopole pair due to the axion coherent oscillations.
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Gravitational waves and dark matter with Witten effect
A dark SU(2) phase transition can produce monopole dark matter, make the axion heavy via the Witten effect, and generate nanohertz gravitational waves matching PTA hints.