Lattice QCD pseudo-distributions at m_π=358 MeV are inverted via multidimensional Gaussian process regression to reconstruct the full kinematic dependence of GPDs H^{u-d} and E^{u-d} while directly extracting double distributions.
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Forces inside hadrons: pressure, surface tension, mechanical radius, and all that
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abstract
The physics related to the form factors of the energy momentum tensor spans a wide spectrum of problems, and includes gravitational physics, hard exclusive reactions, hadronic decays of heavy quarkonia, and the physics of exotic hadrons described as hadroquarkonia. It also provides access to the "last global unknown property:" the D-term. We review the physics associated with the form factors of the energy-momentum tensor and the D-term, their interpretations in terms of mechanical properties, their applications, and the current experimental status.
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representative citing papers
In gauge-free quark models, quasi-PDFs converge to PDFs with proven sum rules, and the Covariant Parton Model supplies closed-form small-x results that match a Wandzura-Wilczek approximation for the quark energy-momentum tensor form factor.
D-term of nuclei exhibits kinks at magic neutron numbers, showing strong sensitivity of mechanical properties to shell structure.
A group-theoretic construction yields complete form factor bases for scalar, vector, and tensor operators on spin-1/2 to spin-2 particles, with new P and T structures for higher spins and identification of a redundant conserved structure for spin-2 in existing literature.
The small-x gluon D-term is a next-to-eikonal stress probe and is not fixed by the leading-eikonal dipole or saturation profile alone.
Derives relativistic spatial distributions of transverse orbital angular momentum, intrinsic spin, and total angular momentum in the transverse plane for spin-0 and spin-1/2 targets via quantum phase-space formalism and verifies the transverse spin sum rule.
Relativistic EMT distributions in polarized nucleons recover good and bad light-front components in the IMF after including polarization effects.
Analytical expressions for quark gravitational TMDs are derived in the LFQDM, verified against standard TMD relations, and linked to transverse pressure and shear-force distributions.
An effective light-front wave function whose five-dimensional piece comes from holographic QCD yields pion gravitational form factors A(Q^{2}) and D(Q^{2}) that match lattice results after parameter tuning.
Non-perturbative renormalization constants for gluonic and fermionic components of the traceless energy-momentum tensor in Nf=3 lattice QCD are computed to few-percent accuracy using discretized Ward identities with shifted boundary conditions.
Proposes EIC jet-pion-electron measurements to detect and quantify short-range quark pair correlations in protons, expecting ud pairs to dominate due to diquark attraction.
Analyzes diagonal GPD overlaps from light-front wave functions in the 't Hooft model, finding no linear b term in equal-mass second moments and a resonant b^4 ln^2(1/b) nonanalyticity at beta=1/2 that limits the diagonal overlap.
A neural network framework informed by lattice QCD uses all-order dispersion relations to significantly constrain both real and imaginary parts of Compton Form Factors extracted from DVCS proton data.
Gravitational form factors of pion and kaon are computed in BLFQ; A(Q^2) agrees with lattice QCD while D(Q^2) is enhanced at low Q^2 due to small-x and zero-mode sensitivity in the truncated model.
In light-front holographic QCD the nucleon gravitational form factor B_N(t) vanishes exactly in the symmetric limit due to an antisymmetric longitudinal factor and remains strongly suppressed for realistic nucleon wave functions, explaining its observed smallness.
σ-pole residues in gluon D-form factors for π, N, ρ and Δ are consistent with dilaton effective theory predictions within large uncertainties.
A neural network trained solely on integral observables from a known GPD model recovers the main features of the underlying distributions in a closure test.
Transverse EMT distributions in polarized nucleons are derived in the quantum phase-space formalism; they reduce to standard light-front densities (including bad components) in the infinite-momentum frame.
The scalar gluonic trace form factor G_N(t) is expressed as G_{s,g}(t) + G_{s,q}(t) - σ(t)/M, linking the QCD trace anomaly to DVCS and J/ψ observables.
Light-front quark model calculations with two Gaussian wave functions yield transverse mechanical distributions for pseudoscalar charmonium and bottomonium, showing a nodal pressure and positive force.
Computes spin-orbit correlation distributions for charmonium and B_c mesons by linking parity-odd EMT matrix elements to light-front dynamics.
In the chiral confining model, in-medium nucleon mass evolution driven by scalar-field response and separation of confinement versus chiral effects governs repulsive three-body forces for saturation, alongside changes to internal energy and pressure distributions.
In the bag model, GTMD calculations are consistent, orbital angular momentum is tied to F_{1,4}^q through the Ji sum rule, and a deeper link to pretzelosity TMD is established.
Near-threshold charmonium chromoelectric scattering separates into a scalar anomaly channel and a traceless spin-two channel fixed by Ag(0) forward and by a specific GFF combination off forward, without a boost-enhanced mass radius.
citing papers explorer
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Reconstructing the full kinematic dependence of GPDs from pseudo-distributions
Lattice QCD pseudo-distributions at m_π=358 MeV are inverted via multidimensional Gaussian process regression to reconstruct the full kinematic dependence of GPDs H^{u-d} and E^{u-d} while directly extracting double distributions.
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Quasi Parton Distribution Functions in Covariant Quark Models
In gauge-free quark models, quasi-PDFs converge to PDFs with proven sum rules, and the Covariant Parton Model supplies closed-form small-x results that match a Wandzura-Wilczek approximation for the quark energy-momentum tensor form factor.
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Mass radius and D-term of atomic nuclei in relativistic mean field theory
D-term of nuclei exhibits kinks at magic neutron numbers, showing strong sensitivity of mechanical properties to shell structure.
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Covariant Construction of Generalized Form Factors
A group-theoretic construction yields complete form factor bases for scalar, vector, and tensor operators on spin-1/2 to spin-2 particles, with new P and T structures for higher spins and identification of a redundant conserved structure for spin-2 in existing literature.
-
Sub-eikonal stress and model dependence of the small-$x$ gluon D-term
The small-x gluon D-term is a next-to-eikonal stress probe and is not fixed by the leading-eikonal dipole or saturation profile alone.
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Mapping the transverse spin sum rule in position space
Derives relativistic spatial distributions of transverse orbital angular momentum, intrinsic spin, and total angular momentum in the transverse plane for spin-0 and spin-1/2 targets via quantum phase-space formalism and verifies the transverse spin sum rule.
-
Relativistic energy-momentum tensor distributions in a polarized nucleon
Relativistic EMT distributions in polarized nucleons recover good and bad light-front components in the IMF after including polarization effects.
-
Gravitational transverse momentum distribution of proton
Analytical expressions for quark gravitational TMDs are derived in the LFQDM, verified against standard TMD relations, and linked to transverse pressure and shear-force distributions.
-
Gravitational form factors of the pion in light-front holographic QCD
An effective light-front wave function whose five-dimensional piece comes from holographic QCD yields pion gravitational form factors A(Q^{2}) and D(Q^{2}) that match lattice results after parameter tuning.
-
The QCD energy-momentum tensor on the lattice: non-perturbative renormalization with $N_f=3$
Non-perturbative renormalization constants for gluonic and fermionic components of the traceless energy-momentum tensor in Nf=3 lattice QCD are computed to few-percent accuracy using discretized Ward identities with shifted boundary conditions.
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Short-Range Correlations Between Partons in a Proton
Proposes EIC jet-pion-electron measurements to detect and quantify short-range quark pair correlations in protons, expecting ud pairs to dominate due to diquark attraction.
-
Light-front diagnostics in the 't Hooft model: I. Wave functions, EMT decomposition, and the diagonal GPD overlap
Analyzes diagonal GPD overlaps from light-front wave functions in the 't Hooft model, finding no linear b term in equal-mass second moments and a resonant b^4 ln^2(1/b) nonanalyticity at beta=1/2 that limits the diagonal overlap.
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Constraining DVCS Compton Form Factors Using Lattice QCD informed Neural Network
A neural network framework informed by lattice QCD uses all-order dispersion relations to significantly constrain both real and imaginary parts of Compton Form Factors extracted from DVCS proton data.
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Gravitational form factors of light mesons from Basis Light-Front Quantization
Gravitational form factors of pion and kaon are computed in BLFQ; A(Q^2) agrees with lattice QCD while D(Q^2) is enhanced at low Q^2 due to small-x and zero-mode sensitivity in the truncated model.
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Origin of the nucleon gravitational form factor $B_N(t)$: Exposition in light-front holographic QCD
In light-front holographic QCD the nucleon gravitational form factor B_N(t) vanishes exactly in the symmetric limit due to an antisymmetric longitudinal factor and remains strongly suppressed for realistic nucleon wave functions, explaining its observed smallness.
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Gluon Gravitational $ D$-Form Factor: The $\sigma$-Meson as a Dilaton Confronted with Lattice Data II
σ-pole residues in gluon D-form factors for π, N, ρ and Δ are consistent with dilaton effective theory predictions within large uncertainties.
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Neural Network Representation of Generalized Parton Distributions (NNGPD)
A neural network trained solely on integral observables from a known GPD model recovers the main features of the underlying distributions in a closure test.
-
Transverse energy-momentum tensor distributions in polarized nucleons
Transverse EMT distributions in polarized nucleons are derived in the quantum phase-space formalism; they reduce to standard light-front densities (including bad components) in the infinite-momentum frame.
-
Experimental access to the gluonic origin of the proton mass
The scalar gluonic trace form factor G_N(t) is expressed as G_{s,g}(t) + G_{s,q}(t) - σ(t)/M, linking the QCD trace anomaly to DVCS and J/ψ observables.
-
Mechanical distribution of the pseudoscalar charmonium and bottomonium on the light-front
Light-front quark model calculations with two Gaussian wave functions yield transverse mechanical distributions for pseudoscalar charmonium and bottomonium, showing a nodal pressure and positive force.
-
Spin-orbit correlation of quarks within quarkonium
Computes spin-orbit correlation distributions for charmonium and B_c mesons by linking parity-odd EMT matrix elements to light-front dynamics.
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Mechanical properties of the nucleon in the chiral confining model. II -- in-medium evolution of the nucleon properties
In the chiral confining model, in-medium nucleon mass evolution driven by scalar-field response and separation of confinement versus chiral effects governs repulsive three-body forces for saturation, alongside changes to internal energy and pressure distributions.
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GTMDs, orbital angular momentum, and pretzelosity
In the bag model, GTMD calculations are consistent, orbital angular momentum is tied to F_{1,4}^q through the Ji sum rule, and a deeper link to pretzelosity TMD is established.
-
Scalar and spin-two energy-momentum-tensor structure in near-threshold charmonium probes of the proton
Near-threshold charmonium chromoelectric scattering separates into a scalar anomaly channel and a traceless spin-two channel fixed by Ag(0) forward and by a specific GFF combination off forward, without a boost-enhanced mass radius.
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Generalized parton distributions of a deuteron in an AdS/QCD hard-wall model
Deuteron GFFs and GPDs calculated in hard-wall AdS/QCD agree in momentum dependence with soft-wall results and match experimental gravitational mean square radius.
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Pion structure in Holographic QCD
A holographic model with effective linear confinement and gluon condensation simultaneously reproduces the pion mass spectrum and form factors in reasonable agreement with experiment and lattice QCD.
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Mechanical properties of the nucleon in the chiral confining model. I -- formal developments
Formal derivation of nucleon mass, pressure, and density distributions in the chiral confining model via the von Laue stability condition applied to localized or momentum-projected trial states.
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Energy-momentum tensor densities in the bag model
The bag model in the large-N_c limit produces theoretically consistent EMT form factors and densities for the nucleon that satisfy general requirements.
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Particle seismology: mechanical and gravitational properties from parton-hadron duality
A hadronic approach based on dispersion relations and meson dominance achieves a successful description of lattice QCD data for gravitational form factors of pions and nucleons.