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To Transformers and Beyond: Large Language Models for the Genome

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abstract

In the rapidly evolving landscape of genomics, deep learning has emerged as a useful tool for tackling complex computational challenges. This review focuses on the transformative role of Large Language Models (LLMs), which are mostly based on the transformer architecture, in genomics. Building on the foundation of traditional convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks, we explore both the strengths and limitations of transformers and other LLMs for genomics. Additionally, we contemplate the future of genomic modeling beyond the transformer architecture based on current trends in research. The paper aims to serve as a guide for computational biologists and computer scientists interested in LLMs for genomic data. We hope the paper can also serve as an educational introduction and discussion for biologists to a fundamental shift in how we will be analyzing genomic data in the future.

fields

cs.LG 1

years

2025 1

verdicts

CONDITIONAL 1

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Hyperbolic Genome Embeddings

cs.LG · 2025-07-29 · conditional · novelty 6.0

Hyperbolic CNNs outperform Euclidean CNNs on 37 of 42 genome classification benchmarks and beat several large DNA language models on 7 GUE tasks using orders of magnitude fewer parameters.

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  • Hyperbolic Genome Embeddings cs.LG · 2025-07-29 · conditional · none · ref 20 · internal anchor

    Hyperbolic CNNs outperform Euclidean CNNs on 37 of 42 genome classification benchmarks and beat several large DNA language models on 7 GUE tasks using orders of magnitude fewer parameters.