A no-go theorem shows that negative effective mass squared for the vector field in vector-tensor gravity always accompanies ghost or gradient instabilities, blocking spontaneous vectorization in stationary axisymmetric black holes.
Instability of vectorized stars,
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2026 2verdicts
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Field equation analysis near infinity in massive Hellings-Nordtvedt theory restricts the model to two single-coupling sectors; the A²R sector yields asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black holes with radial vector fields and neutron stars with measurable deviations from GR while satisfying weak-fiel
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No-go theorem for spontaneous vectorization
A no-go theorem shows that negative effective mass squared for the vector field in vector-tensor gravity always accompanies ghost or gradient instabilities, blocking spontaneous vectorization in stationary axisymmetric black holes.
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Black holes and neutron stars in massive Hellings-Nordtvedt theory
Field equation analysis near infinity in massive Hellings-Nordtvedt theory restricts the model to two single-coupling sectors; the A²R sector yields asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black holes with radial vector fields and neutron stars with measurable deviations from GR while satisfying weak-fiel