Using 2020 CIUS data, education remains the sole significant factor across all digital adoption stages; conditioning on measured digital literacy removes the entry gradient and cuts the banking gradient by 61 percent, while income, disability, and demographic penalties appear at specific rungs.
Figure 10 plots the weighted histogram and Table 12 below reports the weighted descriptive statistics of the scores of 11,874 respondents who answered all the relevant questions
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Digital Divide: Evidence from the 2020 Canadian Internet Use Survey
Using 2020 CIUS data, education remains the sole significant factor across all digital adoption stages; conditioning on measured digital literacy removes the entry gradient and cuts the banking gradient by 61 percent, while income, disability, and demographic penalties appear at specific rungs.