Civilizations can achieve galaxy-spanning reach within biological lifetimes via time-dilated orbits near black hole photon spheres using classical general relativity, with a Type II civilization enabling 10^4 dilation factors.
Ashworth, The emergence of the worldship (i): The shift from planet- based to space-based civilisation, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 65 (2012) 140–154
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Redshifted civilizations, galactic empires, and the Fermi paradox
Civilizations can achieve galaxy-spanning reach within biological lifetimes via time-dilated orbits near black hole photon spheres using classical general relativity, with a Type II civilization enabling 10^4 dilation factors.