Experimental evaluation finds that higher-order masked ML-KEM FO verification still leaks first-order information on FPGAs due to parallelized hardware processing, allowing secret-key recovery.
Revisiting Higher-Order Masked Comparison for Lattice-Based Cryptography: Algorithms and Bit-Sliced Implementations,
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Exploring Side-Channel Protections in Hardware Implementations of PQC ML-KEM Verification
Experimental evaluation finds that higher-order masked ML-KEM FO verification still leaks first-order information on FPGAs due to parallelized hardware processing, allowing secret-key recovery.