x1 models adaptively select an advantageous language for reasoning per instance, yielding gains on multilingual math and cultural tasks while showing that scaling does not erase culture-language advantages.
InFindings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025, pages 7369–7396
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x1: Learning to Think Adaptively Across Languages and Cultures
x1 models adaptively select an advantageous language for reasoning per instance, yielding gains on multilingual math and cultural tasks while showing that scaling does not erase culture-language advantages.