Coupled thermal-chemical models indicate that sub-Neptunes formed outside the water-ice line exhibit high atmospheric CH4, H2O, and C/O ratios while those formed inside show suppressed CH4 and low C/O.
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Interior structure models show 28 of 34 cold super-puffs are consistent with core accretion while six require non-standard explanations such as impacts or exo-rings.
Sub-Neptunes around metal-rich stars have a 42.6% conditional probability of cold Jupiters versus 14.5% for super-Earths, showing a metallicity-dependent correlation absent in the latter.
Numerical inversion of GJ 486b's escape history shows strong degeneracy between initial hydrogen atmosphere and water inventory, yielding a probabilistic stellar age of 2.90^{+2.47}_{-2.27} Gyr when using a planet-formation prior.
The Bern Model has incorporated MHD disk evolution, pebble accretion, and improved interiors, yielding quantitative matches to exoplanet mass functions, radius distributions, and system architectures.
citing papers explorer
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Coupled Thermal-Chemical Evolution Models of Sub-Neptunes Reveal Atmospheric Signatures of Their Formation Location
Coupled thermal-chemical models indicate that sub-Neptunes formed outside the water-ice line exhibit high atmospheric CH4, H2O, and C/O ratios while those formed inside show suppressed CH4 and low C/O.
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Do Super-Puffs Defy Core Accretion? Population-Wide Interior Structure Constraints
Interior structure models show 28 of 34 cold super-puffs are consistent with core accretion while six require non-standard explanations such as impacts or exo-rings.
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Sub-Neptunes Show a Stronger Correlation with Cold Jupiters than Super-Earths Especially in Metal-rich Systems
Sub-Neptunes around metal-rich stars have a 42.6% conditional probability of cold Jupiters versus 14.5% for super-Earths, showing a metallicity-dependent correlation absent in the latter.
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Inversion of Hydrogen-rich Atmosphere and Water Content for GJ 486b
Numerical inversion of GJ 486b's escape history shows strong degeneracy between initial hydrogen atmosphere and water inventory, yielding a probabilistic stellar age of 2.90^{+2.47}_{-2.27} Gyr when using a planet-formation prior.
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The formation of planetary systems: physics, populations, and architectures
The Bern Model has incorporated MHD disk evolution, pebble accretion, and improved interiors, yielding quantitative matches to exoplanet mass functions, radius distributions, and system architectures.