AI Overviews and Gemini retrieve substantially different sources than traditional Google search (Jaccard similarity <0.2), favor Google-owned content, appear for 51.5% of queries especially controversial ones, and are less consistent across repeated or slightly edited queries.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.27489 , year=
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Audit of ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini and Perplexity finds ~16% of cited sources are AI-generated across 712 queries on politics, health and environment.
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How Generative AI Disrupts Search: An Empirical Study of Google Search, Gemini, and AI Overviews
AI Overviews and Gemini retrieve substantially different sources than traditional Google search (Jaccard similarity <0.2), favor Google-owned content, appear for 51.5% of queries especially controversial ones, and are less consistent across repeated or slightly edited queries.
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Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources
Audit of ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini and Perplexity finds ~16% of cited sources are AI-generated across 712 queries on politics, health and environment.